Vol. XXI

January, 1945

No. 1

THE

Pan- Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

STEWART, PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN ENTOMOLOGY 1

VAN DYKE, TWO COLEOPTERA RECENTLY ESTABLISHED IN

CALIFORNIA 10

REINHARD, A NEW MUSCOID PARASITE REARED FROM BEETLES

IN CALIFORNIA 11

LANGE, AUTOGRAPHA EGENA (GUEN.) A PERIODIC PEST OF BEANS 13

WIND AND CLENCH, NOTES ON THE GENUS THAUMAINA 14

LEECH, ON THREE SPECIES OF AGABUS RECORDED FROM THE

STATE OF MONTANA 16

ZIMMERMAN, A NEW JAVANESE OROCHLESIS AND A CHECKLIST

OF THE GENUS 17

BLAISDELL, A SYNOPTIC REVIEW OF THE KNOWN SPECIES OF

CRYPTOGLOSSA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBSPECIES 23

TILDEN, NOTES ON REDWOOD CERAMBYCIDS 30

CAMRAS, FURTHER NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF ZODION 31

TILDEN, NOTES ON SOME MOTHS OF THE FAMILY SATURNIIDAE 32

AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON ENTOMOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 33

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.... 34

San Francisco, California
1945

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

E. C. Van Dyke

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. Linsley

R. W. L. Potts

Associate Editor

Editor

Assistant Editor

R. L. Usinger*

G. F. Ferris

E. S. Ross*

* On military leave

R. C. Miller, Treasurer

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society
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and biological phases of entomology are favored, including articles up
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The P an-Pacific Entomologist

VOL XXI, No. 1 January, 1945

PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN ENTOMOLOGY*

BY M. A. STEWART
University of California, Berkeley

From time to time papers have been written and speeches have
been delivered concerning the teaching of entomology and com-
mittees have been appointed to study the problem of training
entomologists. However, little or no action has resulted from
these efforts to rationalize the professional education of entomolo-
gists and to develop reasonably uniform curricula of high stand-
ards comparable to those required of students in the older pro-
fessions. Curricula in entomology, even those generally regarded
as being among the best, have developed, in very large part at
least, more or less under the stimuli of personal interests of
prominent faculty members, rather than as the result of careful
and exhaustive studies of the legitimate demands upon, and the
responsibilities of, the profession of entomology and the conse-
quent needs of the student. No whole-hearted and successful at-
tempt has been made to standardize, within reasonable limits,
the curricula in entomology in the leading universities, which
should result ultimately in the adoption of similar programs of
study by the smaller and less well endowed institutions. As a
consequence of this somewhat laissez faire attitude and failure to
develop rigidly professional and more or less uniform curricula,
young entomologists graduating from different colleges manifest
a remarkable dissimilarity in philosophy of their science, in
magnitude and character of information and even in appreciation
of their responsibilities and opportunities.

The education of students of entomology is a matter of perti-
nent concern to teacher upon whom is imposed the responsibil-
ity of well equipping these young people for successful and com-
petent careers and of anticipating new demands upon entomolo-
gists as the scope of the profession expands and as new ap-
proaches and new interrelationships with other fields of science
develop as a consequence of the normal evolution of the profes-

* Presidential address read before the Pacific Coast Entomological Society,
January 6, 1945.

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

sion. Furthermore, responsibility for maintaining, and increas-
ing wherever possible, the standards and competency of profes-
sional entomology largely and inevitably rests upon the teachers.
Entomological education obviously is of paramount importance
to students who are preparing to enter the profession and who
rightfully expect their teachers and institutions to equip them
well for the career upon which they intend to embark. The
training of students of entomology is equally important to ento-
mologists who are engaged exclusively in research, regulatory
work and other entomological occupations distinct from teaching,
since they not only have a natural interest and pride in the pro-
fession of which they are members, but also have the responsi-
bility of hiring from time to time young entomologists of whom
they expect adequate qualifications. Finally, the general public
which financially supports entomology is justified in expecting,
and even demanding, thoroughly competent entomologists and
entomological service of the highest calibre. Thus we see that
the education of students of entomology is an extremely perti-
nent matter to both professional workers, actual and potential,
and to the general public. Particularly must the teachers and the
colleges consciously recognize the noblesse oblige that is ines-
capably theirs.

In order to properly appreciate and evaluate the problem
which confronts us, we may ask ourselves certain fundamental
questions.

The first basic question to answer is what is an entomologist?
This question can be answered simply by stating that he is a per-
son engaged in the study of the accumulated and accepted knowl-
edge of insects and certain other arthropods with reference to the
discovery of general truths or the operation of general laws and in
adding to this knowledge and making practical applications of it.
However, for the more thorough appreciation and evaluation of
the problem of professional training in entomology, it is better to
erect a more complete definition which recognizes that an ento-
mologist is first a biologist, second a zoologist and finally an
entomologist. This more basic concept emphasizes the true posi-
tion of the entomolgist as a scientist and more clearly indicates
the exact nature and magnitude of his specialized training. It
should be obvious that failure to accept such a point of view
will inevitably result in imposing upon the student restrictions
which will narrow the scope of his activities in contributions to

JANUARY, 1945] STEWART-PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

3

his field of science. The acceptance of this definition elucidates
the extent of specialized education concerned directly with ento-
mology, and without regard to the correlated subjects, demanded
for true professional status. Extending the definition to comple-
tion, one must accept the fact that entomology is so complex as
to necessitate subdivision into the specialized fields of system-
atics and the several aspects of applied entomology.

The second question that must be satisfactorily answered is,
what are the responsibilities of entomology as a profession? The
most readily apparent reply is that entomology is concerned with
the protection of man’s food and clothing, much of his financial
investment and his health and that of his domesticated animals
from the direct and indirect ravages of arthropods. It is also
responsible for the possible furtherance of the effectiveness of
insects beneficial to man and his interests. A moment’s reflection
presents the fact that entomologists engaged exclusively in what
is called, for the sake of convenience, applied entomology are
not able to completely discharge their responsibilities alone.
Systematists should be working in closest collaboration with such
entomologists and supplying them with basic information.

Since, by previous definition, entomology in part is also con-
cerned with the discovery of general truths and the operation of
general laws, responsibility rests upon the profession for train-
ing competent workers in taxonomy and encouraging adequate
museum facilities and for providing personnel for bionomic and
other systematic studies and investigations. These entomologists
together with the economic workers effect the compilation of
scientific entomological knowledge.

A third type of responsibility is met by providing profession-
ally trained entomologists for research and service in the insec-
ticide industry.

It is manifest that in each of these general aspects of ento-
mology, which jointly share the professional responsibilities,
there are numerous highly developed specialties. At a casual
glance it might appear that these specialties are rather distinct
and narrowly restricted. Such a concept is entirely erroneous.
It is highly urgent that each specialist be sufficiently thoroughly
trained in entomology and allied basic subjects and indoctrinated
with the broad scientific point of view to have a good working
knowledge and sound appreciation of the other fields of ento-
mological specialization. The degree of individual competency

4

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

and ethical success of the profession is in direct proportion to
the completeness and rationality of the professional training
afforded to the student.

The preceding statements and analyses are admittedly not new
and are elementary, but it is necessary to review the concepts they
express and to keep them in mind constantly if the current re-
quirements for professional status in entomology are to be criti-
cally examined and if a rational approach is to be made to the
problem of future improvements in entomological education.

Before advancements can be made in the professional training
of entomologists, with consequent elevation of standards and
greater competency in discharging ethical professional obliga-
tions, the faults and deficiencies in prevailing entomological
curricula must be recognized.

Perhaps the most prominent fault in our curricula is failure
to recognize clearly the truly professional status of entomology
and to treat it accordingly. It is true that we speak of the pro-
fession of entomology, but not with a full and conscious realiza-
tion of the significance of the term and recognition of the respon-
sibilities membership in it incurs. We have not benefited by the
educational experiences of the older professions such as medi-
cine, law and chemistry. Failure to profit by the experience and
history of older and comparable fields of effort inevitably results
in some retardation of progress. Not one of the older professions
would accept new students to more or less full status late in their
undergraduate years, or omit a rather definite schedule of pre-
requisites, or permit widely dissimilar courses of study, or fail
to differentiate between pre-professional and professional courses.
Departments of instruction in entomology, however, are guilty
of all of these educational misdemeanors.

Another fault in entomological education is failure to view
the field as a whole and as a distinct discipline with necessary
ramifications and delimitations. This is a reflection of a weak-
ness in recognition and appreciation of the fundamental and
scholarly philosophy upon which the profession must be based.
Such definitions as are presented earlier in this paper must be
accepted and abided by to avoid this serious pitfall of omission.
Lack of clearly defined concepts and goals and logical approaches
to these goals inhibit, if not prohibit, the attainment of adequate
curricula and professional competency.

The absence of some reasonable degree of standardization of

JANUARY, 1045] STEWART— PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

•5

entomological curricula constitutes a serious obstacle in develop-
ing consistently entomologists of truly professional calibre. Any-
one who has ever been concerned with the teaching of entomol-
ogy at the graduate level has been strongly impressed by the
great divergencies in the character and magnitude of undergrad-
uate curricula in different universities. The obvious result of
such a lack of standardization of curricula is that the employer
of young entomologists must pay undue attention to the school
from which an applicant graduates, and even to the professors
under whom he studied, and cannot assume, making exceptions
for normal differences in native intelligence, industry and integ-
rity, that almost all young graduates in entomology are more or
less equally competent professionally.

It is deplorable that nearly every department of entomology
in the United States fails to differentiate in practice, if not in
regulations, between undergraduate or pre-professional and grad-
uate or professional courses. One finds a remarkable hodge-
podge of courses upon examination of the curriculum for a given
semester, or year, of almost any student in entomology. This is,
perhaps, particularly true of the graduate student, who frequently
is taking concurrently one or more undergraduate courses and
courses of the most advanced nature.

Because of an apparent inability to recognize that entomology
is a distinct discipline and must be treated accordingly, even
though it may transect or be intimately correlated with many
other fields, or even a group of fields as well exemplified by the
relationship between entomology and agriculture per se, there is
often indecision as to what subjects should be required in the
curriculum and even sometimes vitally essential courses are sac-
rificed because of a mistaken conviction that certain other courses
should be required. It must be recognized that the first respon-
sibility of the department of entomology and the first obligation
to the students is that of adequate training for competency in the
precise discipline of entomology as a profession and that other
courses are of secondary importance, except those which are
actually basic to entomology and those which should be reason-
ably expected as a part of the cultural education that should be
claimed by and demanded of every college graduate.

A laxity in the matter of prerequisites has already been sug-
gested in the comparison made between departments of ento-
mology and departments or schools training students in the older

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

professions. The most serious neglect to prerequisites occurs not
so much in the courses in entomology as in the proper sequence
and correlation of basically important courses outside of those
restricted to entomological studies and upon which thorough
competency in entomology depends and also of prerequisites to
eligibility for admission to graduate school and adequacy for
instruction at the graduate level. It is almost the rule, rather
than the exception, to see graduate students in entomology pur-
suing studies which should have been completed during under-
graduate years. It is indeed tragic that such an easily solved
problem persists even in our better institutions.

Partly because of lack of accurate appreciation and under-
standing of the discipline of entomology as a science, partly be-
cause of lack of properly organized curricula, partly because of
lack of serious study of the needs of the student preparing for a
professional career in entomology and partly because of failure
on the part of teachers to anticipate probable future demands
upon entomology we find, perhaps more frequently than not, a
deplorable lack of breadth of training in our entomologists, not
only in the more narrowly restricted science of entomology itself
but more especially in the basic fields upon which entomology
is dependent. It is doubtful if there is a mature entomologist
who does not regret that his own training is so conspicuously
deficient in certain fundamental things in which he should have
been trained as a student. This does not refer necessarily to those
fields that have become important recently as a consequence of
evolution of the profession, but to those subjects which should
have constituted logically a part of his education at the time he
was a student. Breadth of training not only in entomology per
se, but also in related fields basic to or closely correlated with
such professional training are especially urgent for the potential
entomological investigator.

This is not the place nor the time to present anything that
pretends to be a complete or definite curriculum for students
who desire to qualify as professional entomologists. Obviously
such a curriculum can be erected only from intense and exhaus-
tive study and should be the product of a carefully selected
group of experienced teachers. However, it is clear that the dif-
ference between undergraduate and graduate instruction should
be clearly defined and understood. No thoughtful modern en-
tomologist would endorse the idea that undergraduate training

JANUARY, 1045] STEWART-PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

7

alone qualifies a student as a professional entomologist. The
master’s degree has long been, and still is, a perplexing problem
to the educator; but we are probably justified in assuming that
it satisfies some need in entomological training. It is an irre-
futable fact that modern professional demands are such that it
is extremely difficult and probably will soon become impossible
for the young man or woman to attain full professional status
in entomology without first achieving the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy or its equivalent. From these facts one may justifi-
ably accept some such concept as the following relative to ento-
mological education. The undergraduate curriculum may well
be considered a pre-professional course, i. e. a pre-entomological
course, in which the student is afforded the opportunity to ac-
quire adequate preparation for instruction at the graduate level
and, at the same time, the cultural education that should be de-
manded of every graduate of a reputable college or university.
As indicated above, the master’s degree is something of an
enigma but might be considered a legitimate and creditable at-
tainment for the student who intends to enter regulatory work
or to fill some commercial or industrial entomological niche at a
sub-professional level. The graduate training directed toward
earning the doctorate must be intensive work of a very high
scholastic character, fulfilling truly professional criteria. Such
a philosophy of instruction demands a carefully planned pro-
gressive and coordinated program with a clear understanding of
the distinction between the pre-professional character of the
undergraduate curriculum and the professional stature of the
graduate studies.

As previously indicated, no attempt is being made in the
present discussion to erect curricula for professional training in
entomology; but certain salient and fundamental points may well
be mentioned briefly. Manifestly, the student requires as much
and as thorough training in entomology as possible. However,
the usual tendency to compress the greater part, if not all of this,
into the undergraduate years should be avoided. Instead thereof,
these courses should be logically and progressively correlated
and arranged to extend throughout the four years of pre-
professional training and well into the graduate years of study,
leaving ample time for the undergraduate student to take ade-
quate course work in allied scientific subjects and necessary and
desirable cultural courses. Such a recommendation immediately

8

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

raises the problem of the student who decides relatively late in
his undergraduate course to enter professionally the field of
entomology. There is only one rational and ethical answer to this
problem and that is to insist that such students fulfill completely
the established requirements regardless of the fact that they may
be penalized in many instances by the necessity of devoting one
or more additional years to the attainment of a bachelor’s degree.
Failure to adhere to such rigid requirements and definite pro-
gram can result only in the lowering of the professional stand-
ards. The older professions of medicine, law, and chemistry have
long ago recognized the necessity and wisdom of such an attitude.

During the undergraduate years the student should receive
thoroughly adequate training in zoology and botany and in
physics and chemistry. However, if studies of the development
of the entomological curriculum so indicate, the more advanced
required courses in chemistry might be extended into the grad-
uate training. Genetics, plant pathology and plant physiology
should be required of the pre-professional student. One of the
greatest crimes being committed in entomological education to-
day is permitting the very frequent occurrence of postponement
of studying French and German until the student has matricu-
lated in the graduate school. The usual result of this is that
the student learns barely enough of these languages to satisfy a
lenient examiner and never is able to read French and German
accurately and easily. Certainly every student who intends to
become a professional entomologist should be required to be-
come competent in reading these languages before begininng
graduate studies. The entomological investigator has urgent need
of at least a working knowledge of statistical analysis. Conse-
quently mathematics through statistical analysis should be re-
quired; if necessary to prevent the overcrowding of the under-
graduate curriculum, the advanced work may be covered during
graduate instruction. Elementary economics, at least, might well
be required of the student in entomology and competency in
English should be demonstrated before admission to graduate
standing. Most educators recognize and deplore the astounding
ignorance of the fundamentals of the English language mani-
fested by a considerable proportion of graduate students in ento-
mology. Undeniably the professional entomologist who is unable
to speak and write well and accurately is severely handicapped.
In addition to the subjects previously mentioned, the undergrad-

JANUARY, 1045] STEWART-PROFESSIONAL' TRATNTNG

0

uate student should have as broad a training as at all feasible in
the social sceinces and the humanities and thereby enjoy the dig-
nity and prestige of the educated man, an inescapable responsibil-
ity of every reputable college and university regardless of the
specialized curriculum of the individual student. To insure the
discharge of this responsibility and the consequent dignity of the
entomological profession, the departments of entomology might
very well arrange these cultural subjects into logical groups and
require each student to satisfy certain minimum requirements in
each group. Admittedly such a schedule would curtail the stu-
dents’ usual freedom of choice in the matter of electives, but is
such a restriction undesirable? It can be strongly argued that
closer direction of the undergraduate’s selection of elective sub-
jects is highly desirable because of his own necessarily limited
ability to evaluate courses and to appreciate problems of subject
correlations and the necessity of broad professional and cultural
perspectives. Furthermore, closer regulation of electives will re-
sult in the student profiting more from the considered judgment
of the mature scholar.

Some will wonder, and even challenge, why courses in agri-
culture per se are omitted from the general consideration of an
entomological curriculum as presented above. The most impor-
tant reason for this omission is that an entirely adequate pro-
gram for the training of students in entomology up to the truly
professional level does not permit, in the space of seven or eight
years of college study, the inclusion of much in the way of strictly
agricultural subjects without sacrificing other courses of urgent
and greater importance to entomology as a distinct profession.
Another reason for this point of view is that agricultural prac-
tices are constantly developing and changing and what the stu-
dent learns in college of these things is frequently out-dated
within a period of very few years; such a condition does not
justify overcrowding or infringing upon an already heavily bur-
dened and exacting curriculum. Finally, the actual need of
courses in agriculture is questionable since experience has shown
that the fundamentals and the practical details necessary to the
entomologist in his investigations in agricultural entomology and
his recommendations for insect control are easily and quickly
acquired in the course of early professional duties through con-
ferences with and advice of cooperating agricultural specialists.

Thus far no mention has been made of the graduate student’s

10

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

research and dissertation. It is sufficient here to point out that
the fundamental purpose of this aspect of graduate requirements
is to acquaint the student, on a broad plane, with research meth-
ods and to afford him an opportunity to demonstrate his ability
to organize and conduct research and to properly and adequately
handle the results obtained from such investigations. If the
teacher recognizes the implications contained in such a concept
of the dissertation, he will immediately appreciate the serious
thought that must be given to the selection of a research problem
for the graduate student and the careful and discreet guidance
that he must give to the student. Too frequently, the research
problem is either carelessly or thoughtlessly chosen or is selected
to further the professor’s own research, either of which should
disqualify the professor for the privilege and responsibility of
directing graduate students.

The problems presented in this discussion are urgent and of
major importance if the scholarly and scientific heritage of the
field of entomology is to be preserved and is to serve as a source
of inspiration to future entomologists as it has been to those of
the recent past and if entomology is to deserve the dignity of a
professional status.

TWO COLEOPTERA RECENTLY ESTABLISHED IN
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

C onoderus laurentii (Guer.) This West Indian elater was ac-
cidentally introduced into Florida and Alabama at least forty
years ago and is now well established there. On August 2, 1938,
I received a specimen of the same from E. Herald, taken on his
lawn in Los Angeles and on October 15, 1944, another specimen
collected by Mrs. Barbara Prendergast, at Hollywood. Accord-
ing to Prof. Ralph H. Smith, this species is now fairly well es-
tablished in lawns in various places in southern California.

Staphylinus ( Goerius ) olens Mull. A common European spe-
cies, generally listed as Ocypus olens Mull, in most insect works,
was first noticed at Hollywood, April 16, 1936, and West Los
Angeles in November, 1940, and more recently found in abund-
ance in various places near the Campus of the University of
California at Westwood, Los Angeles, according to Prof. R. H.
Smith. These are, I believe, the first records for this species in
this country. Fortunately it is a beneficial insect. — Edwin C.
Van Dyke.

JANUARY 1945] MINHARD — NEW MUSCOID PARASITE

11

A NEW MUSCOID PARASITE REARED FROM BEETLES

IN CALIFORNIA 1
(Diptera)

BY H. J. REINHARD
College Station, Texas

The species described below is an interesting addition to the
list of Sarcophaga forms whose biologic relationships with
beetle hosts have been definitely established through rearings. I
am indebted to Dr. E Gorton Linsley for the privilege of study-
ing the present material, all reared from Thyce sanfordi Casey.
Types of the new species are deposited in the California Academy
of Sciences collection.

Sarcophaga thyceae Reinhard, new species

Related to S. ( Acanthodotheca ) prohibita Aldrich, but at
once distinguished by the much wider front, larger palpi, pres-
ence of orbitals and outer verticals in the female ; also, there are
well marked genitalic differences in both sexes.

Female. Front at vertex 0.32 of head width (average of four
specimens, 0.33; 0.31; 0.30; 0.32), widening but slightly toward
antennal base; parafrontals and parafacials usually silvery gray,
latter with one or more rows of black hairs on outer margin ex-
tending to lower extremity; frontal vitta black, much wider than
parafrontal on entire length; inner and outer verticals well de-
veloped, erect; proclinate orbitals two pairs; ocellars moderately
large; frontal rows strongly divergent beneath base of antennae
and extending to or below middle of second segment; epistoma
short, equal clypeal width and slightly bowed forward from plane
of same; vibrissae stout, on oral margin; facial ridges bearing a
few bristly hairs on lower extremity; antennae mostly black, third
segment barely twice length of second and reaching almost to oral
margin; arista longer than antenna, long plumose to middle or
slightly beyond; cheek gray pollinose, nearly two-fifths eye height;
palpi yellow, slender nearly to middle thence strongly swollen and
tapering apically to pointed tip; proboscis short; back of head
gray pollinose, moderately clothed with pale pile and two rows of
black bristly hairs above.

Thorax gray pollinose with the usual 3-5 black dorsal vittae.
Chaetotaxy: acrostical 3,1 (rather weak except prescutellar pair) ;

1 Contribution No. 873, Division of Entomology, Texas Agricultural Experi-
ment Station.

12

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

dorsocentral 3,3; intraalar 3 (front small); posthumeral 1; hu-
meral 3; notopleural 4; postalar 2; sternopleural 3; scutellum
with 2 lateral, 0 apical and 1 preapical pair; prosternum bare;
sides of postnotum beneath calypters. setose; propleura usually
bare but sometimes with a few setae on anterior edge; calypters
opaque, white.

Abdomen slightly elongated, black, gray pollinose and strongly
tessellated above with a constant median black vitta extending
almost to hind margin of fourth segment, which is reddish in
ground color; all dorsal bristles reduced in size to weak or barely
differentiated bristly hairs; one median marginal pair on third
segment and a marginal row on fourth; genitalia red; first seg-
ment bare and shiny above, transversely grooved shortly before
hind margin and more deeply so at sides, the latter somewhat
swollen or inflated between groove and basal margin, hind edge of
segment with a fringe of fine black hairs; anal orifice rather large
and strongly arched above; larvipositor retracted, blunt-tipped,
with the lateral apical lobes clothed with short black hairs.

Legs black, moderately stout; mid tibia with two bristles on
outer front side near middle; claws and pulvilli normal in size.

Wings gray hyaline; first vein bare, third setulose halfway or
more to small cross vein; first posterior cell open well before wing
tip; costal spine nearly one-half length of small cross vein; epau-
let black, subepaulet pale yellow.

Male. Front at vertex 0.22 of head width (average of four
specimens, 0.21; 0.22; 0.23; 0.23), narrowed before triangle thence
widening rapidly to antennae; parafrontals and parafacials silvery
with a decided yellow tinge; orbitals and outer verticals absent;
palpi ordinary in size and but slightly thickened apically; cheek
about one-third eye height. Thoracic chaetotaxy as in female but
good-sized decussate apical scutellars present and the bristles on
abdomen normal in size; third segment bearing a median marginal
pair and a marginal row of 8 to 10 on anal segment. Hypopygium
reddish yellow; first segment dusted with pollen and slightly in-
fuscated dorsally, with about 8 slender bristles on hind margin;
second segment subglobose, clothed with longish erect black hairs
on entire shiny surface above; forceps moderately long, dark
brown, in profile rather thin and gently bowed, beset with minute
stubby spines apically on hind side; in rear view the forceps are
flat and rather broad, divided except at base but not divergent,
with apex of each prong obliquely narrowed outwardly; penis with
a rather short yellowish basal segment; second segment longer,
shiny brown, convex behind and widened distally with each lateral
extremity terminating in a minute bowed hook, the apex between
latter broadly and deeply emarginate bearing a pair of recurved
divergent hooks on hind side and a rather large subquadrate lobe
in front, latter flattened or slightly concave on apical surface with
the ventral edge terminating in a curved lip, which bears a small
roundish transparent flap on either side; claspers tapered to

January, 1045] LANGE — AUTOGRAPH A EGENA

13

pointed curved tips, hind pair moderately long, front ones short
with broad base bearing several long hairs on hind side; acces-
sory plate longer than wide, narrowed tip with sparse long hairs;
lobes of fifth sternite thickly covered with black spiny hairs and
each bearing a shiny concave pad on inner margin near base.
Middle femur with comb; hind tibiae not villous; claws and pul-
villi longer than last tarsal segment.

Length, 8.5 - 11 mm.

Holotype female (No. 5443, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.), and
allotype male (No. 5444), San Jose, California, July 25, 1941,
and August 1, 1942, reared from Thyce sanfordi Csy. (E. G.
Linsley and L. M. Smith). Paratypes: 4 males and 8 females,
same data as type.

AuTOGRAPHA EGENA (GUEN.) A PERIODIC PEST OF BEANS IN

California

Autographa egena (Guen.) (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae) was
observed during October, 1943, at Salinas, Monterey County,
California, where the caterpillars fed on the leaves and green
pods and seeds of beans, especially the pole types. In certain
instances the damage was so severe that almost complete defoli-
ation of the plants resulted. During July, 1936, a previous out-
break of this insect was noted at Half Moon Bay, California, at
which time the caterpillars damaged a white Kentucky Wonder
pole bean. At Salinas the larvae pupated during November,
rolling the leaves and transforming within a silken cocoon.
Adults emerged in December, 1943, and again in May, 1944.
Several generations occur during a single year. Four parasites
of the larvae were found. A count made of caterpillars collected
during August, 1943, indicated the relative per cent of parasit-
ism as follows: Copidosoma probably truncatellum (Dalm.)
(det. A. B. Gahan), 14 per cent; “Amblyteles” montarms (Cr.)
(det. H. K. Townes), 1 per cent; “Ephialtes” sanguineipes (Cr.)
(det. H. K. Townes), 1 per cent; and Chaetogaedia monticola
(Big.) (det. M. T. James), 3 per cent. In addition to these para-
sites a fungus killed 2 per cent of the larvae and 2 per cent
failed to emerge for unknown reasons. The adult moth was
kindly determined by Carl Heinrich. — W. Harry Lange, Jr.

14

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXI, NO. 1

NOTES ON THE GENUS THAUMAINA

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

BY R. G. WIND 1 AND H. K. CLENCH 2

t . 1 |

The monotypic genus Thaumaina was erected in 1908 by
G. T. Bethune -Baker for the new species described under the
name uranothauma. It is a very distinct genus, bearing a pat-
tern relationship to the genus Uranothauma Butler (P. Z. S. 1895,
p. 631), hence the specific name. It remains one of the peculiar
developments of the vast island of New Guinea.

Genus Thaumaina Bethune-Baker

Bethune-Baker, 1908, P. Z. S. 1908, p. 116. Genotype. Thaumaina

uranothauma B.-B.

The single species thus far known appears to be restricted to
eastern New Guinea, where it is broken up into two races, one
of which is described herein as new. It is evidently a highland
butterfly, and does not appear to be very common.

The typical form was described ( loc . cit. and pi. 9, figs. 8, 9)
from the Angabunga River, a tributary of the St. Joseph River,
which empties on the south coast of eastern New Guinea. On the
opposite side of the Owen Stanley Mountains occurs a race of
this species. Karl Jordan (1930, Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 5:60,
pi. 3, f. 10) has figured a female of this subspecies that agrees
well with the allotype described below. This specimen originated
on the Edie River, west side of Herzog Mountains, eastern New
Guinea. Two males were taken with it, but were not figured.

Thaumaina uranothauma deliciosa Wind and Clench,

new subspecies

Thaumaina uranothauma : Jordan, loc. cit.

Upper side:

Male. Fore wing blackish brown with a bright purplish blue
patch in the base, from inner margin up to include the lower half
of the cell, and extending two-thirds outwards on inner margin.
Hind wing with the outer half (nearly two-thirds the area) of the
wing brownish black. Costa inside white, darker outwardly. Re-

1 Berkeley, California.

2 Cambridge, Massachusetts.

JANUARY, 1945] WIND AND CLENCH — THAUMAINA

15

maining portion of the wing (save for a narrow inner marginal
border) purplish blue. Fringe of both wings black and white
checked.

Female. Fore wing similar to that of the male, but with the
blue changed to white and a little more extensive, and with a dark
bar extending down over the cell-end from the costa. Hind wing
with a broad (outer third of the wing) black-brown border. The
remaining area is white with pale blue scaling over the inner
marginal part. Extreme base black-brown. Veins in the white
area lightly scaled with black-brown. Fringe as in the male.

Underside :

Male. Fore wing with the ground color white. A dark ban scal-
loped marginal border, behind which is a row of alternately dis-
located hollow quadrate spots. This row extends from costa to
Cu 2 , while the marginal border proceeds all the way to the inner
margin. In the M 3 -Cui and Cui-Cu 2 interspaces the border and row
of spots touch. On the costa is a triangular, black-brown spot,
its apex narrowly produced to cover the cell-end. In the base is a
long bar, parallel to the costa, and with a connection to it at its
outer extremity. Hind wing with the dark tan scalloped border
as in the fore wing, but with the Cui-Cu 2 lunule enclosing a black
spot. In the Mi-Cm interspace is a series of connected, jet-black
spots, touching the marginal border. In the interspaces from Cu a
to the inner margin are three more heavy spots, decreasing to-
wards the latter in depth. Base of wing with an irregular black
spot. A black, heavy dash, faintly white within, closes the cell.
On the costa, almost on the outer angle, is a hollow, nearly circu-
lar spot, and one-third from the base is a couplet of similar, though
smaller, spots. These markings are all crowded, and almost all
appear quite confluent.

Female. Similar to the male, save that the post-discal row of
spots on the fore wing is larger and more confluent, and as a
consequence, less dislocated.

Length of fore wing : Male and female, 11.5 mm.

Holotype male, Wau, Morobe District, New Guinea, Janu-
ary 30, 1933 (H. Stevens). Allotype, female, Mt. Misin, 6400
feet, Morobe District, New Guinea, May 2, 1932 (H. Stevens) .
Paratypes, two males, same locality and date.

Holotype and allotype in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
One paratype in collection of each author.

Remarks. This subspecies appears to differ in a number of
respects from the description and figure of Bethune -Baker. The
black border of the male appears a little heavier on the fore
wing, and even more so on the hind wing. On the latter there is
no indication of the white spot mentioned and illustrated by
him. In the female there are no white spots in the dark border

16

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

of the fore wing (two were described, and both show up well in
the figure), and the cell is closed by a dark streak running from
the costa, absent in the description and figure of the typical sub-
species. In the hind wing the pale blue scaling of deliciosa is
not mentioned by Bethune-Baker, or depicted in his figure. The
underside appears to be similar, but perhaps with the spots
slightly larger.

ON THREE SPECIES OF AGABUS RECORDED FROM THE

STATE OF MONTANA 1
(Coleoptera, Dytiscidae)

BY HUGH B. LEECH
Vernon, British Columbia

The inclusion of Agabus confertus Le Conte (det. H. C. Fall)
in Mank’s list of the Coleoptera of Glacier Park (1934, p. 75)
was for some years a puzzle to me, as all specimens I had seen
were from much nearer the coast. Through the kindness of Miss
Mank I examined both Montana specimens on May 3, 1939, and
found them to be Agabus erichsonii G. & H., a species of similar
facies. A. confertus may yet be found in Montana for I have
seen one taken at Boise, Idaho, June 15, 1941, by Borys Malkin.

In September 1941, Dr. Harlow B. Mills was so kind as to
allow me to examine certain of the Agabus reported upon by
Hatch (1933, p. 10). The A. seriatus (Say) of Hatch are all the
subspecies inter sectus (Crotch) of Leech 1942. The series of
“obliteratus Lee.” proved to be composite; two of the specimens
from Bozeman are strigulosus (Crotch) ; the others, as well as
those from Shields River and Bitter Root Valley are A . nectris
Leech.

References

Hatch, Melville H.,. 1933, Records of Coleoptera from Montana,
Canad. Ent. 65(1): 5-15.

Leech, Hugh B„ 1942, New or insufficiently known Nearctic species
and subspecies of Agabus (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae), Canad.
Ent. 74(7) :125-136, 1 pi. (= p. 127).

Mank, Edith W., 1934, The Coleoptera of Glacier Park, Montana,
Canad. Ent., 66(4):73-81.

1 Contribution No. 2322, Division of Entomology, Science Service Department
of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario.

JANUARY 1945] ZIMMERMAN — OROCHLESIS

17

A NEW JAVANESE OROCHLESIS AND A CHECKLIST OF

THE GENUS

(Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

BY ELWOOD C. ZIMMERMAN
Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu

Among some specimens of insects collected in Java by Mrs.
M. E. Walsh, there is a pair of weevils which represent a distinct
new species of the cryptorhynchine genus Orochlesis Pascoe,
1871. There have been no Orochlesis reported from Java here-
tofore, and this paper is written principally to record the addi-
tional geographical data supplied by the new species.

With the description of another new species, the number of
known Orochlesis is raised to 24. A new checklist of the de-
scribed species of the genus, arranged by locality from east to
west, follows:

1. Orochlesis lunata Zimmerman, 1936, Occasional Papers Bishop
Museum, 12(1) :5, figs. 1, a, c; 2, a; 3, f. 1936, same journal,
12(23) :47.

Tahiti, Society Islands.

2. Orochlesis gibbera Zimmerman, 1936, same journal, 12(1) :7,
figs. 1, b (1 ) ; 2, b; 3, e. 1936, same journal, 12(23) : 47.

Raiatea, Society Islands.

3. Orochlesis nigrofasciata Marshall, 1921, Proc. Hawaiian Ent.
Soc., 4(3) :593.

Samoa.

4. Orochlesis vitticollis Zimmerman, 1936, Occasional Papers
Bishop Museum, 12(1) :9, figs. 2, d; 3, c. 1936, same journal,
12 ( 22 ) : 6 .

Viti Levu, Fiji.

5. Orochlesis bryani Zimmerman, 1936, same journal, 12(1) : 11,
figs. 2, e; 3, b. 1936, same journal, 12(22) :6.

Viti Levu; Taveuni, Fiji.

6. Orochlesis nigra Zimmerman, 1936, same journal, 12(1) :12,
figs. 2, f; 3, a. 1936, same journal, 12(22) :8, fig. 1, d.

Viti Levu, Fiji.

7. Orochlesis angulata Zimmerman, 1936, same journal, 12(22) :4,
fig*. 1, b.

Viti Levu, Fiji.

8. Orochlesis bella Zimmerman, 1936, same reference, p. 5, fig.
1, a.

Vanua Levu, Fiji.

18

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

9. Orochlesis eluta Zimmerman, 1936, same reference, p. 7, fig.
1, e.

“Fiji”.

10. Orochlesis tessellata Zimmerman, 1936, same reference, p. 8,
fig. 1 , c.

Ovalau, Fiji.

11. Orochlesis ater Zimmerman, 1939, Pan-Pac. Ent., 15(2) : 57.
Viti Levu; Taveuni, Fiji.

12. Orochlesis conspersa Zimmerman, 1938, Proc. Hawaiian Ent.
Soc., 10(1) :165.

“Solomon Islands”.

13. Orochlesis posticalis (Lea) Lea, 1913, Trans. Royal Soc.
South Austr., 37:327.

Queenslandica posticalis Lea, 1903, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales, 28:665. Zimmerman, 1936, Occasional Papers Bishop Mu-
seum, 12(1) :13.

Queensland, Australia.

14. Orochlesis delta Lea, 1913, Trans. Royal Soc. South Austr.,
37:328. Zimmerman, 1936, Occasional Papers Bishop Museum,
12(1) :13.

Queensland, Australia.

15. Orochlesis personata (Pascoe) Lea, 1913, Trans. Royal Soc.
South Austr., 37:328.

Acacallis personata Pascoe, 1883, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
(5)12:96.

Queenslandica munda Lea, 1903, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales, 28:666. Zimmerman, 1936, Occasional Papers Bishop Mu-
seum, 12(1) :14.

Queensland, Australia.

16. Orochlesis cornuta Zimmerman, 1936, same reference, p. 14,
figs. 1, b; 2, c; 2, d.

Queensland, Australia.

17. Orochlesis flesina Pascoe, 1871, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool.,
11:195. Zimmerman, 1936, Occasional Papers Bishop Museum,
12:17.

Aru Islands (south of Papua).

18. Orochlesis maculosa Pascoe, 1874, Jour. Linn. Soc. London,
Zool., 12:40. Zimmerman, 1936, Occasional Papers Bishop
Museum, 12(1) :17.

Salwatty Island (off the western tip of New Guinea).

19. Orochlesis solea Pascoe, 1871, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, Zool.,
11:195. Marshall, 1921, Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., 4(3) :593-
594. Zimmerman, 1936, Occasional Papers Bishop Museum,
12(1) :17.

Batchian, Moluccas.

20. Orochlesis annularis Pascoe, 1871, Jour. Linn. Soc. London,
Zool., 11:194, pi. 8, figs. 2, 2a. Lea, 1913, Trans. Royal Soc.
South Austr., 37:327. Zimmerman, 1936, Occasional Papers
Bishop Museum, 12(1) :17.

JANUARY, 1045] ZIMMERMAN— OROCHLESIS

10

New Guinea; Yule Island (Gulf of Papua) ; Dorey and Batch-
ian Islands, Moluccas; Makassar, Celebes; Luzon, Philippines;
Penang Island, Malacca Straits.

21. Orochlesis picticollis Zimmerman, new species.

Java.

22. Orochlesis anteplagiata Heller, 1934, Wiener Ent. Zeit., 48:104.

Zimmerman, 1936, Occasional Papers Bishop Museum, 12(1) :18.

Formosa.

23. Orochlesis takaosanus Kono, 1932, Insecta Matsumurana,

6(4):178, pi. 6, fig. 8. Zimmerman, 1936, Occasional Papers

Bishop Museum, 12(1) : 18.

Honshu, Japan.

24. Orochlesis meshimensis Kono, 1937, Insecta Matsumurana,
11:129.

Meshima (Danjo), Japan.

Orochlesis picticollis Zimmerman, new species (figs. 1-3)

Color', derm piceous to shiny black; scaling very dense, mostly
completely or almost completely concealing derm, ground color
basically mouse^gray, the scales mostly with a slight, but distinct,
iridescence; head and base of rostrum with brown scales with
paler patches on either side of median line at base and at inner
dorsal parts of eyes; pronotum with disk largely occupied by a
large, conspicuous, subcircular, variable patch of dark brown or
velvety black scales extending from base to beyond sub apical con-
striction, in its emphasized form very prominent and strongly con-
trasting with the paler background scaling, scaling on sides from
above coxae to dorso-lateral margins more brownish than on
dorsum; elytra almost uniformly mouse-gray with a yellowish
brown cast without any distinct maculae, setae darker than back-
ground; leg scaling similar in color to that of sides of pronotum
and elytra, not spotted nor banded; scales on sternum and first
two abdominal segments pale yellowish brown, those on ventrite 2
mostly slightly darker than those on metasternum; ventrites 3, 4
and 5 with a conspicuous patch of dense pale yellowish brown
scales on either side, but with dark scales elsewhere.

Head with derm completely concealed by squamae, the scales
large, mostly directed dorsad; with stout, erect, clavate setae along
inner margins of eyes and on either side of median line of crown;
most scales on interocular area and anterior part of crown slant-
ing, slightly sub-erect; narrowest part of interocular area slightly
narrower than base of rostrum; crown slightly flattened (best seen
when viewed from side).

Rostrum only slightly arcuate, almost straight in female;
densely squamose at base in female, to middle in male; closely
punctate and finely reticulate to beyond basal scaling in female,
but with denser punctures and coarsely reticulate in male.

20

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

Antennae (described from left antenna removed from female)
with the sinuous, clavate scape about as long as funicular seg-
ments 1-4 inclusive, about as broad at its widest part as funicular
segment 7; funiculus with segment 1 nearly as. long as 2 plus 3,
segment 2 not quite as long as three following segments together,
segments 3 to 7 successively broader; club almost as long as funi-
cular segments 3 to 7 inclusive.

Pronotum broadest near base, about two-fifths or one-third
broader than long (measurements of specimens described as fol-
lows: male, 48 units wide to 33 long; female, 57 units wide to 37
long) ; base sinuate; strongly arcuate on sides from base to beyond
middle and then strongly constricted, thence pointedly narrowed
to apex; the constriction broadly and deeply continued across
dorsum; distance across dorsum at transverse constriction about
one-half basal breadth; longitudinal dorsal contour with area be-
hind transverse depression on a higher plane than area in front
of depression; extreme apex (viewed from side) thick, about one-
half as thick as breadth of a fore tibia; the closely punctate derm
completely concealed by very dense, unusually large, broad,
fan-shaped, strongly imbricated, anteriorly directed scales; most
scales in dark discal macula erect or sub-erect; with stout, erect,
clavate setae in the dark discal macula, along either side of median
line beyond transverse depression to apex, more numerous on
either side of apex where the scales and setae produce the margin
into a blunt point on either side of apex, scattered along latero-
apical margin back to lateral constriction, and with a slightly
condensed group of setae tending to form a feeble fascicle mesad
of the true lateral margin at hind margin of transverse constric-
tion, and with scattered setae from there to base.

Scutellum subquadrate or subrectangular, bare, coarsely reticu-
late, dull.

Elytra about two-thirds as broad as long, slightly more than
two and one-half times as long as pronotum (measured from side
from humeri to apex) ; base distinctly sinuate, only as broad at
humeri as base of prothorax, broadest behind middle, and there
but hardly broader than base, almost straight on sides to beyond
middle; longitudinal dorsal contour rising abruptly from shortly
behind base to reach a distinctly higher elevation thaji that of
base of pronotum; derm completely concealed by dense scaling
similar to that on pronotum, but with a few polished, setiferous
granules showing through in basal third of interval 1 or less dis-
tinctly on intervals 3 and 5 also; alternate intervals slightly more
convex than even-numbered ones, and each odd-numbered interval
bearing a row of slanting, stout, clavate setae; interval 1 with a
low subbasal callosity on which the setae and granules are more
abundant, intervals 3 and 5 with a tendency toward having less
conspicuous subbasal callosities (none of the callosities are out-
standing and those on the fifth intervals may be indistinct or ob-

JANUARY, 1045]

ZIMMERMAN— OROCIILESIS

21

solete) ; striae showing narrowly through the scaling, punctures
indicated through the scaling, but none completely exposed.

Legs all densely clothed with large, imbricated scales which
conceal derm ; femora and tibiae with stout, clavate, scattered setae
which are most abundant along dorsal edges; anterior femora with
a sharp carina extending almost entire length of ventral sulcus
thus dividing it into subequal parts, with a few scales on outer side
of carina, other femora deeply sulcate from base to apex but with-
out any such carinae; tibiae broad, greatest breadth of hind pair
one-third of greatest length excluding uncus, greatly compressed,
outer margins knife-edged but squamose, carinate only along
either side of inner edge, inner edge straight, outer edge arcuate,
that of hind pair subangulate, with a patch of black setae on outer
side at base of the strong unci, conspicuous on two posterior pairs

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1, lateral outlines of Orochlesis jncticollis Zimmerman with
dark prothoracic macula and type of squamae indicated. Fig. 2,
contours of head, prothorax and elytra from side. Fig. 3, outlines
of a hind tibia. (Drawings from female allotype.)

of tibiae but less conspicuous on anterior pair, the long yellow
setae arising from inner apical angle extending to apex of' uncus;
tarsi with numerous, slender setae and setiform squamae, anterior
pair with segment 1 as long as 2 plus one-half of 3, 2 about as long
as median length of 3, 3 about one-third broader than long and
as broad as 1, about as long as 1.

Sternum , with mesosternal receptacle strongly protuberant, ex-
tended to a level slightly ventrad of that of mesocoxae, its outer
walls densely clothed with large squamae, hind wall from meta-
sternum to aperture about one-half as long as median line of meta-
sternum, aperture about on a line with anterior edges of meso-

22

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

coxae; all coxae densely squamose; metastemum flattened in fe-
male, concave in male, densely clothed with very large, broad,
partially imbricated, ovate scales, which almost entirely conceal
the derm, with large, deep, angular, bare fovea situated on caudal
one-third of median line, posterior margin broadly emarginate,
shortest distance between mid and hind coxae about seven-tenths
as long a& longitudinal chord of a mesocoxa or about as long as
ventrite 5; pleura densely squamose.

Abdomen with ventrite 1 broadly concave in both sexes, but
with longitudinal contour less even in female, coarsely reticulate,
the punctures on disk bearing very large, rounded or subcordate
scales which conceal most of the derm but are mostly not imbri-
cated, most scales just) touching or narrowly separated from their
neighbors, scales much smaller at sides where femora contact the
ventrite, length along median line about as long as ventrites 2 plus
3, hind margin broadly emarginate from sides to middle; ventrite
2 as long as ventrite 3 plus 4 plus about one-half of 5, clothed with
large scales similar to those on ventrite 1, but denser and with
more scales overlapping; ventrites 3 and 4 with slender, anteriorly
directed setae along anterior edge, with a very dense patch of
large, erect or sub-erect, imbricated, pale scales at each end and
the space between with erect but strongly and conspicuously re-
curved dark scales in one or partially two rows; ventrite 5 with
vestiture similar to that on 3 and 4 but with entire disk filled with
the dark erect squamae.

Length: 5.5-6.25 mm.; breadth: 2.75-3.5 mm.

Holotype male and allotype female collected by Mrs. M. E.
Walsh at Manddalawangi, Mt. Geda, West Java, elevation 4,000
feet, May, 1939; in the type collection of Bishop Museum.

This species is not closely allied to any of the other species
of the genus known to me. The large black prothoracic macula
is broken down in the male holotype, but it is very conspicuous
in the female allotype on which it somewhat resembles a broad
black tear-drop. It is almost circular in form, but the anterior
part is extended forward to make a tear-drop or inverted sub-
heart-shaped macula. The setae on the alternate elytral intervals
appear as rows of small black dots to the unaided eyes. The
scales are unusually large and dense overall.

January, 1045] BLAISDELL— CRYPTOGLOSSA

23

SYNOPTIC REVIEW OF THE KNOWN SPECIES OF CRYP-
TOGLOSSA SOLIER, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A

NEW SUBSPECIES

(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

BY FRANK E. BLAISDELL, SR.

Associate in Research, California Academy of
Sciences, San Francisco

The species under consideration, inhabit the arid areas of the
Sonoran Region of the south-western United States, northern
Mexico and Lower California. They are as follows:

Genus Cryptoglossa Sober

Asbolus LeConte, 1851, Annals Lyc., N. Y., p. 129.

Cryptoglossa Sober, 1836, Soc. Ent. Fr., 5, p. 680; Lacordaire,
1859, Genera Coleopt., 5, p. 135; Horn, 1870, Revis. Tenebr.,
Amer. Philos. Soc., 14, p. 278 and 280; LeConte and Horn,
1883, Class. Coleopt. N. Amer. (Smiths. Miscel. Coll. 507),
p. 368.

Head large and deflexed, epistomal apex scarcely truncate to
feebly arcuate Mentum large and rounded, apex slightly emargi-
nate at middle; buccal fissure wide, palpi not dilated. Antennae
strongly compressed, eleventh segment short and transverse,
slightly received into the tenth. Prosternum produced posteriorly,
broad and rounded at apex. Legs stout, tarsi clothed with long
ferruginous setae beneath; first segment of the posterior tarsi
longest.

Cryptoglossa bicostata Solier

Zopherus bicostatus Sober, Dupont collection (PI. 24, figs. 11-13).
Cryptoglossa bicostata Solier, 1836, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 5, p. 681,
t. 24, f. 11^13; Cast. Hist. Nat. II, 1840, p. 191.

A Mexican species described from a unique specimen, resem-
bling the common Sonoran species ( verrucosa Lee.) in form and
tuberculate elytra, except that the fifth interval of each elytron
is convex, more or less prominent and costate from the elytral
base to about posterior third of the length (fig. 13), and there
changing to tubercles. In the type and only known specimen, the
distal segments of both antennae are missing, the character of
the eleventh or terminal segment being unknown. This fact
leaves the correctness of the determination open to doubt.

24 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. XXI, NO, 1

In Cryptoglossa the eleventh antennal segment is short, trans-
verse and more or less sunken into the tenth segment.

The author considers it absolutely necessary to present facts
and to leave the final decision to future students, when other
specimens shall have been collected.

Habitat. Mexico. Type a unique, length 27 mm. ; width 11 mm.

Cryptoglossa verrucosa LeConte

Cryptoglossa verrucosa LeConte, 1851, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y.,

5; p. 129; Lacordaire, 1859, Genera des Coleopt., 5, 1st. pt.,

p. 138; Horn, 1870, Revis. Tenebr., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.,

14: p. 280; Blaisdell, 1943, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 24,

p. 223, pi. 11, figs. 10 and 17.

A common and moderately large, black, opaque and more or less
pruinose species. Pronotum narrower posteriorly than at apex,
the latter arcuate and sinuate within the rather large and dis-
tinct angles; sides arcuate anteriorly, moderately convergent pos-
teriorly before the basal angles, the latter distinct, scarcely promi-
nent; base truncate to feebly emarginate. Disk extremely and
densely, finely granulate, strongly convex, especially anteriorly;
impressions well marked, more or less finely canaliculate on the
median line, sublateral strong; base transversely impressed.

Scutellum short, triangular and not entering between the elytra.
Elytral base applied to the pronotal base; sides arcuate, surface
declivous apically, apex subacute. Each elytron has nine series of
rather large subarcuate tubercles, the latter obsolete before the
apex; surface viewed vertically the tubercles appear irregular and
not serial, viewed obliquely and longitudinally from behind they
appear in distinct series; more or less variable in size, showing a
tendency to become slightly longer than wide at base, toward
elytral base they may become smaller, laterally they become rather
subacute and the inner or discal appear obliquely elongate to
almost subcarinate and most prominent at their apex. The first
or sutural interval plane, slightly irregular on surface with scat-
tered very small points.

Measurements: Length 19-20 mm., width 8-10 mm.

Males: Usually smaller and narrower, abdomen moderately
convex.

Females: Larger, wider and rather more robust, abdomen more
convex.

Type locality : “In desertis fluminis Colorado.”

Distribution : California. San Diego County, May 15, 1911
E. L. Ricksecker) ; Mohave and Colorado Deserts (H. C. Fall) ;
Imperial County: La Puerta, August 12; Coachella, May 7, 1917;
Salton Sea, April 19, 1916; Indio, March 29, 1924 (L. S. Slevin) ;

JANUARY, 1045] BLAISDELL— CRYPTOGLOSSA

25

Los Angeles County (Albert Koebele) ; San Bernardino County:
Needles, March 16, 1922 (J. A. Kusche) ; Barstow, April 13
(J. R. Slevin) ; Riverside County: Blythe, Nov. 10, 1924 (F. C.
Hadden) ; Palm Springs, May 28, 1916 (J. 0. Martin) ; Kern
County: Kings River Canyon (F. Daggett). Arizona. Yuma
County: Papago Wells, April 16, 1912; Mohave County: King-
man; Pima County: Tucson, Nov., 1921; Santa Catalina Mts.,
Feb. 5, 1935; N. E. Pima County; S. Pinal County: Picacho,
Nov. 10, 1938; S. Arizona. Ajo Mts., Oct. 16, 1935 (Owen Bry-
ant). Nevada. Charleston Mts. near Las Vegas, May 24, 1935.

Three living specimens were received by the author, April 21,
1933, from a collector in Arizona, two females and a smaller
male. The author decided to keep them under observation and
on a very restricted diet, rolled oats without water. A glass jar
was prepared, by partly filling with sand, covered by a layer
of oats.

The smaller female died about the sixth year, without any
special record. The male died July, 1939, after having lived in
the jar for six and one-half years. For diversion and exercise
the specimens spent part of their time, clawing and digging
into the oats and sand, evidently trying to develop a burrow.
The larger female began to show signs of senility at about the
sixth year of its confinement; this was noticeable in its dimin-
ished activity, with loss of tarsal segments and the two or three
terminal segments of the antennae. For the last weeks it scarcely
showed signs of life, and died July 10, 1940. During the last
weeks a drop of water was placed before it on the table. It
would approach the water and sip it up entirely, without any
bad effects. The two specimens are preserved in the collection
of the Entomological Laboratory of the California Academy of
Sciences.

Cryptoglossa verrucosa carinulatus Blaisdell, new subspecies

Form as in verrucosa LeConte. Frons convex, very sparsely
punctate, punctures small in central area, becoming larger and
denser apically and laterally. Sides of head broadly and rather
feebly emarginate across the position of the oblique sutures, the
latter feebly evident or obsolete; epistoma truncate at apex. Men-
tum broadly emarginate at apex and somewhat widely margined,
surface moderately convex, not sharply nor densely punctate, im-
punctate at base; gula transversely rugose.

Pronotal disk very densely and finely granulate, a feebly and

26

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[ VOL. XXI, NO. 1

slightly impressed median line is present, other impressions quite
feeble, except a distinct basal sulcus which does not attain the
sides. Prothoracic sides slightly irregular, impunctate or very
feebly subpunctate, especially anteriorly. Prosternal process
broadly margined at apex, surface impunctate or irregularly
punctate with intervals rather wide.

Elytral intervals in the central area carinulate, each carinula
not strong, each divided into carinules by fine transverse fissures,
each represents a modified tubercle, which can be seen in speci-
mens of verrucosa as subcarinal tubercles; these at the begin-
ning of the lateral declivity gradually develop into verrucae, which
at first are oblique and angulate posteriorly to form the usual
obtuse prominences; sutural intervals plane, finely and sparsely
granulate; striae of punctures not distinct; tubercles not sharply
defined and broader at base, irregularly involving the intervals.

Sternal and parasternal punctures large, well separated and
not sharply defined. Abdominal punctures moderate in size; and
sparseness, larger and denser laterally especially on first segment;
fifth segment with denser and smaller punctures.

Male. Usually smaller and narrower, elytra less arcuate at
the sides.

Female : Broader and subovate, ielytra more arcuate at the
sides.

Holotype male (No. 5408), and allotype (No. 5409), Mus.
Calif. Acad. Sci. Ent., collected by J. R. Slevin, two miles west
of Stovepipe Wells, Death Valley, Inyo County, California, May
15, 1931. Paratypes, sixteen, from Furnace Creek, Death Valley,
California, collected April 3, 1939, by K. S. Hagen. Albert
Koebele secured specimens in Death Valley, April, 1891. J. R.
Slevin obtained the species in Panamint Valley, April 29, and
also at Balarat, Inyo County, May 13, 1931.

Cryptoglossa laevis LeConte

Asbolus laevis LeConte, Annals Lyc., N. Y., V, 1851, p. 130.
Cryptoglossa laevis LeConte, Revis. Tenebr., Amer. Philos. Soc.,

XIV, 1870, p. 280.

Form similar to that of verrucosa Lee., smaller. Black, some-
what shining. Pronotum moderately convex, obscurely punctulate,
discal impressions obsolete; base transversely impressed, without
marginal bead; lateral marginal bead very fine. Elytra about
twice as long as the pronotum, base transverse and slightly wider
than the pronotal base; arcuately and rather abruptly declivous at
apex; surface obscurely and finely punctulate laterally. Horn
states that laevis is smooth and shining, elytra entirely so. Eight
specimens studied.

Measurements: length 15-20 mm., width 8-10 mm.

JANUARY, 104.5] RLAISDELL — CRYPTOGLOSS A

27

Type in the LeConte collection, “long. 65.”

Distribution : California: Gray’s Well, Colorado Desert, Im-
perial County, Dec. 3, 1927; Westmoreland, Imperial County,
May 6, 1933 (E. C. Van Dyke). Arizona: Yuma, May, 1905
(Brown Coll.) ; May 12, 1912 (J. R. Slevin) .

Cryptoglossa laevis subsimilis Casey

Casey, Memoirs on the Coleoptera, XI, 1924, p. 308.

Similar to laevis in form and in the absence of sculpture, but
considerably larger and rather more elongate. Color deep black,
surface shining, smooth and glabrous. Antennae and legs are
somewhat longer than in laevis. In subsimilis the elytra are less
smooth, having more numerous feeble striiform lines and stronger
punctures toward the sides.

Measurements: length 16.5-18.5 mm., width 8. 5-9.0 mm.

Type in the Casey collection.

Distribution : California: Gray’s Well, Imperial County,
July 31, 1940; June, 1911 (E. C. Van Dyke) ; Westmoreland,
Imperial County, May, 1933. Arizona: Yuma, March 12, 1912
(J. R. Slevin) ; May, 1910.

Number of specimens studied, 8; Col. Casey had two speci-
mens when he studied the species. There is some confusion as to
which form Casey’s description applies. The author considers
it best to give Col. Casey the benefit of the doubt as it is merely
a subspecies.

Cryptoglossa granulifera Champion

Cryptoglossa granulifera Champion, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Col., IV,

1, 1892; Blaisdell, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Vol. XII, No. 12,

July 10, 1923, pp. 252-253; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4) Vol.

XXIV, No. 7, February 4, 1943, pp. 223-224.

Color black, more, or less dull to slightly shining.

Head widest before the eyes, sides more or less arcuately con-
vergent anteriorly; epistomal sutures obliterated, apex feebly
arcuate in middle two-thirds, thence obtusely continuous with the
sides; frontal surface slightly convex, punctures more abundant
apically, more or less impunctate centrally and toward base. An-
tennae compressed distally, eleventh segment short and truncate.
Mentum rounded in form, closely punctate apically, more or less
impunctate before the base; apex feebly emarginate and slightly
impressed.

PTonotum slightly wider at base than at apex, about one-third

28

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

wider than long; disk moderately and rather evenly convex, feebly
transversely impressed at base, surface finely and rather evenly
punctulate; sides broadly arcuate anteriorly, becoming slightly
sinuate in basal third; apical angles prominent and subacute, the
basal rather prominent posteriorly but not laterally and slightly
less than rectangular.

Elytra somewhat oval, about a third longer than wide; base
equal to width of pronotal base, more or less abruptly and arcu-
ately declivous in apical third; surface with series of moderately
small and unimpressed punctures, which become obsolete on the
smooth apical declivity, each interval with a series of distantly
placed granular elevations, becoming slightly coarser toward the
sides, absent apically.

Under surface of body opaque and almost impunctate. Pro-
sternum broadly and horizontally produced between the procoxae,
broadly rounded at apex. Mesosternum sharply raised on either
side, and excavated at middle for reception of the apex of the
intercoxal process.

Measurements: length 18-20 mm., width 8-10 mm.

Type locality : Villa Lerdo in Durango, Mexico (Doge.).

Five specimens studied. Allied to C. mexicana Champion and
C. laevis LeConte, differing from both in having a row of dis-
tantly placed granular elevations on each of the elytral intervals,
the sutural interval smooth and plane. The elytral sculpture is
variable, but the granular elevations are always distinct, becom-
ing a little coarser toward the sides.

Distribution: Gulf of California: Mejia Island, April 30,
1921; Isle Partida, May 3, and June 26, 1921 (Virgil Owen
Coll.). Mexico: Sierra de los Burros, Coahuila, June 18, 1938
(Rollin H. Baker). California: Borrego Canyon, San Diego
County, March 22, 1930. Texas: El Paso, June, 1884, and
San Antonio.

Cryptoglossa angularis Horn

Centrioptera angularis Horn, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2), Vol. IV,

1894, pp. 414-415, pi. VII, Fig. 4; Blaisdell, Proc. Calif. Acad.

Sci. (4) , Vol. XXIV, No. 7, February 4, 1943, pp. 223.

From all of the known species angularis differs in having the
hind angles of the pronotum distinctly everted and the lateral
margin in front of them slightly reflexed.

Head similar to that of granulifera Champion, but with the
frontal margin more evenly arcuate from side to side. Pronotum
trapezoidal, broader than long; apical angles acutely prominent
anteriorly; sides arcuate, sinuate behind the middle; basal angles
acute and moderately everted; disk moderately convex, slightly

January, 104.5] BLAISDELL— CRYPTOGLOSSA

20

impressed along 1 the base, surface very finely and sparsely punc-
tate. Prothorax beneath slightly rugose.

Elytra oval, disk slightly convex to plane, becoming arcuately
to somewhat abruptly declivous laterally, obliquely so apically;
surface subsulcate, with small distinct murications along the striae,
intervals more or less convex, more evidently and coarsely muri-
cate laterally, apical declivity smooth before the apex.

Abdomen very sparsely punctate. Metasternum with few coarse
punctures. Legs densely and coarsely punctate.

Measurements: length 20-38 mm., width 10-11.5 mm.

Type (No. 109), Museum of the California Academy of Scien-
ces; collected at El Paraiso, Lower California.

Distribution: Lower California: Las Paz, July 3, 1919, and
Santiago, July 22, 1919 (J. R. Slevin) ; Catavina, June 19, 1938
(Michelbacher and Ross).

The head is missing in the type. Three specimens at hand
show that the eleventh antennal segment is short and transverse,
and therefore not a member of the genus Centrioptera Mann.

Cryptoglossa mexicana Champion

Cryptoglossa mexicana* Champion, 1884, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Vol.

IV, Pt. 1, p. 73, Tab. Ill, fig. 21.

Opaque, black. Head with a few fine scattered punctures along
the anterior margin; men turn coarsely and rather closely punc-
tate.

Pronotum moderately convex, widened toward the front; apical
angles very prominent and triangular; basal angles a little pro-
duced, impunctate. Elytra a little broader than the pronotum at
base moderately convex, with rows of shallow rounded impres-
sions which become obsolete behind the middle, a few scattered
raised points at base.

Measurements: length 17-19 mm.

Habitat. Monclova in Coahuila, Mexico.

Champion stated that he had six specimens when he de-
scribed the species and according to him it is near laevis Le-
Conte: opaque, broader and less convex; thorax broader, wider
in front, flatter and less convex, apical angles more produced.
Elytra less convex, broader at the base and less rounded at the
sides, and with rows of shallow punctures toward base.

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[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

NOTES ON REDWOOD CERAMBYCIDS (COLEOPTERA)

BY J. W. TILDEN
Santa Cruz, California

In the winter of 1932-33 I reared a few specimens of ceram-
bycids from Coast Redwood at Santa Cruz, California. Dr. E. C.
Van Dyke kindly determined them as his species, Semanotus
ligneus sequoiae Van Dyke and Callidium pallidum Van Dyke.
There was also one specimen of Opsimus quadrilineatus Mann.,
a species normally associated with Pseudotsuga taxi folia (Lamb.)
Dr. Van Dyke urged me to secure more of these insects, and
suggested further rearing.

Redwood second growth that had been attacked in the forest
by Cerambycidae was stored in wooden boxes indoors in the
winter of 1933-34, but with poor results, as only a few specimens
were obtained. It was found that mortality at emergence was very
high. This may have been due to greater dryness since these in-
sects are normally exposed to very damp weather.

In March, 1935, a second growth redwood about ten inches in
diameter was cut down in the woods. It remained exposed to
attack all summer, and in the fall was found to be heavily in-
fested with beetle larvae.

In March, 1936, an examination of the tree showed that the
beetles had transformed from pupae to adults and were ready to
emerge. To prevent normal emergence and loss, they were re-
moved from the tree, so that the normal date of emergence was
not obtained. Collection dates of free specimens taken in the
same locality range from late February to the middle of April
in these same species.

The number of adults removed from this one tree was large:
upwards of 70 specimens of Semanotus ligneus sequoiae, about
150 of Callidium pallidum, and in the upper small branches, a
number of specimens of Phymatodes nitidus Lee. In addition to
these, a few specimens of Callidium sempervirens Linsley were
taken from the twigs at the tip of the tree.

Larvae of T emnocihila virescens (Fab.) and a single raphidid
larva were found in the burrows of Semanotus, while an unidenti-
fied fungus killed some pupae; but on the whole these beetles
seemed remarkably free from both parasites and predators.

JANUARY, 19451

CAMRAS— ZODION

31

From the available data, the following conclusions are drawn:

1) These cerambycids attack the Coast Redwood and develop
in freshly cut or injured wood (especially in second-growth
timber or in limbs?). The larvae first feed in the drying
cambium and later in the sapwood, but eventually may
bore deeply into the wood. They usually return nearly to
the surface, just below the bark, to pupate. The species
observed develop from egg to adult in one year.

2) They show specific preference for certain parts of the tree.
Semanotus is found in the main trunk of second-growth
trees, Callidium pallidum Van Dyke occurs in the branch-
bearing part of the trunk and in the larger branches, while
sempervirens and Phymatodes nitidus prefer the smaller
branches and trees.

3) These species are less rare than previously supposed, and
proved able to build up large populations under optimum
conditions such as those afforded by the presence of a
freshly cut tree at the time of oviposition.

4) Opsimus quadrilineatus Mann., previously associated only
with Pseudotsuga taxi folia (Lamb.) seems able to utilize
Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb.) as a food supply.

FURTHER NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF ZODION

(Diptera, Conopidae)

Since the publication of notes on the Zodion fulvifrons group,
the author has visited the museums in the East and has examined
many types. As a result, the following changes must be made:

Zodion reclusum Banks. The type has some reddish on the
sides of the second abdominal segment not mentioned in the
original description. There is also much yellowish on the other
segments and therefore belongs under fulvifrons rather than as
a synonym of intermedium.

Sicus brevirostris Coquillett (1902, Canad. Ent. 34:198 —
Mexico: Chihuahua: Sierra Madre). This species is a Zodion,
the second segment of the proboscis noted by the describer be-
ing the labellae. The palpi are clubbed, two to two and one-
half times the width of the proboscis; and the species does not
seem to differ from palpale.

Zodion bimacula Curran. The type is an individual in which
the distal portion of the proboscis is broken off. It is a speci-
men of Occemyia loraria Loew. — Sidney Camras.

32

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

NOTES ON SOME MOTHS OF THE FAMILY SATURNIIDAE

(Lepidoptera)

BY J. W. TILDEN
Santa Cruz, California

While collecting in the Pozo Mountains in the general region
of La Panza, San Luis Obispo County, on March 23, 1940, George
Mansfield and the author took three male specimens of a Calo-
saturnia sp.

This area is a typical chaparral association of Ceanothus, Arc-
tostaphylos, Cercocarpus, Adenostoma, Photinia, Dendromecon,
with Quercus spp. in the canyons. The specimens were taken
flying in typical undulating fashion over the chaparral on the
west side of the divide.

I have been informed by Mr. J. W. Johnson (personal com-
munication) that there exist to his knowledge no previous records
of this genus from San Luis Obispo County. Inasmuch as this
area is outside of the habitats of his two recently described spe-
cies of Calosaturnia, C. albofasciatus Johnson and C. meridion-
alis Johnson, it appears probable that the specimens from the
Pozo Mountains are referable to Calosaturnia mendocino (Beh-
rens), the type species of the genus, thus extending the already
wide known range of the species.

In July, 1941, six larvae of C. mendocino were taken in the
Santa Cruz Mountains. All were of the pink or orange color
phase, none being of the dark or green phase. Of these, three
pupated in typical satumiid cocoons in a few days. Two others
succumbed to A panteles parasites, and a sixth disintegrated, pos-
sibly from a bacterial disease. Of the three pupae, one emerged
in an injured condition on January 17, 1942. About the same
time, a second pupa produced a tachinid. The third pupa did
not develop either adult or parasite. The food plant of the larvae
taken was Arbutus menziesii Pursh. Several of our party com-
plained of the stinging setae of these larvae, and I personally
discovered that the setae are indeed quite painful, however, the
effect does not last long.

In late July, 1941, a few days after the mendocino larvae were
taken, over 50 larvae of P seudohazis eglanterina were obtained
from Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Esch. These larvae were almost ma-

JANUARY, 1045] NOMENCLATURE COMMITTEE

22

ture when taken, and after feeding for from one to eight days,
either succumbed to parasites or attempted to pupate. Thirty-
one died from Apanteles parasites. Others formed cells even
when covered with Apanteles cocoons, but failed to pupate. Only
six pupae formed from the total number, and of these six, five
emerged tachinids during the winter. Only a single adult was
obtained from more than fifty larvae. I do not believe this to be
an extreme case of parasitism. An almost similar result was ob-
tained from larvae of Papilio philenor hirsuta Skin., in 1938,
from Putah Canyon, Yolo County, California. Where larvae are
taken nearly full grown, parasitism is far more marked than in
larvae taken in the early instars.

While collecting in the White Mountains of California, near
Benton Station, Mono County, C. W. Bowles and the author took
a large number of satumiid larvae on Salix sp., along a small
watercourse. In view of the location and the food plant, these
are circumstantially considered to be the larvae of Platysamia
gloveri Stkr. Attempts to rear these larvae resulted in complete
failure, all specimens falling victims to Apanteles previous to
pupation.

I have been informed by Mr. J. W. Johnson that this is the
first record of larvae of this species from a California locality,
although the adults have been taken within the state on several
occasions. Mr. Johnson agreed that the larvae were most likely
to be gloveri, and suggested the inclusion of their occurrence, in
these notes. It seems logical that gloveri should include in its
range that part of California which falls within the Great Basin
region.

AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON ENTOMOLOGICAL
NOMENCLATURE

The name of the American Commission on Scientific Nomen-
clature in Entomology has recently been changed to American
Committee on Entomological Nomenclature. The present officers
are C. F. W. Muesebeck, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quar-
antine, Washington 25, D. C., Chairman, and E. G. Linsley, Uni-
versity of California, Berkeley 4, California, Secretary. Commu-
nications may be addressed to either of the above officers.

34

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

M. A. Stewart, President
F. P. Keen, Vice-President

E. G. Linsley, Secretary
R. C. Miller, Treasurer

Proceedings

One Hundred and Eighty-first Meeting

The one hundred and eighty-first meeting of the Pacific Coast
Entomological Society was held at 2:30 p.m. on March 25, 1944, in
the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of Sci-
ences, San Francisco. President Stewart in the chair. The follow-
ing members were present: M. A. Stewart, E. G. Linsley, F. M.
Prince, E. C. Van Dyke, D. N. Murphy, A. E. Michelbacher, C. D.
Duncan, W. C. Reeves, P. Moorhead, F. N. Driver, R. F. Smith,
R. W. L. Potts, J. L. Gressitt, E. R. Leach, R. C. Miller. Visitors
were present as follows: Mr. Pedro Galindo, Mr. M. W. Allen, Mr.
M. Reed, Miss B. Patterson, Miss B. J. Franseen, Mr. G. L. Brown,
Mr. T. Hutchins, Mr. A. Branngan, Mr. J. E. Ryus, Mr. W. J.
Chamberlain, Mr. M. Marquis, Mr. M. Garcia, Mr. J. McCarty,
and Mr. R. Schuster.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The Membership Committee proposed the following names for
membership : Mr. Paul R. Jones, Mr. A. L. Deaver, Mr. Pedro
Galindo, and Mr. M. W. Allen. The motion was made and passed
that the Secretary cast a unanimous ballot for their election.

President Stewart raised the question of the desirability of
holding an annual field trip in 1944. After some discussion, Mr.
R. F. Smith moved that in view of transportation difficulties no
attempt be made to hold a field trip this year. The motion was
seconded and passed. Dr. Van Dyke moved that a meeting be held
at the Academy in the latter part of June in place of the annual
field trip. The motion was seconded and passed.

Dr. Duncan, Dr. Van Dyke, and others reported the where-
abouts and present assignments of various Society members now
serving in the armed forces.

Mr. R. F. Smith reported that he was anxious to learn the effect
of the current abnormally dry season upon the populations of
Colias eurytheme. He requested members to be on the look-out for
information on the subject whenever the opportunity arose.

Dr. Duncan recorded finding unusually long Gordian hair worms
in Jerusalem crickets in San Jose, one thirteen inches long, an-
other twenty-eight inches long. He mentioned that the worms had
emerged in a dry environment in the absence of water. Mr. Allen

JANUARY, 104.5] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

35

commented that specimens 36 and 42 inches long" had been re-
corded from the Mormon cricket.

President Stewart then presented Mr. J. Linsley Gressitt, a
Society member recently repatriated from occupied China, who
addressed the Society upon “Entomological Experiences in China.”

Mr. Gressitt stated that the experiences of an entomologist sta-
tioned in China are apt to be very different from those of one in
this country. For entomology is practically undeveloped in China,
as compared with the United States. Entomology has been largely
fostered in China by Americans and French, particularly as far as
education in entomology within China is concerned. The Japanese
have also played a part. Much of the early insect collecting in
China was done by French, British, Russians and Germans. Edu-
cational institutions playing the main role in China in recent years
include the American Christian Colleges in China, among them
Lingnan University of Canton where the speaker was stationed
for four years or so, the French Catholic universities in Teint-
sin and Shanghai, and several of the Chinese national universities,
such as Sun Yat-sen, Kwangsi, Szechuan, Central, and others.
Research institutions in China dealing with entomology include
the Academia Sinica and the National Agriculture Research Insti-
tute, both to some extent subsidized by American money, and the
Shanghai Science Institute, a Japanese institution. Other organ-
izations such as the Science Society of China have fostered re-
search and publication.

Among entomologists prominent in China Mr. Gressitt men-
tioned Sicien Chen and his wife Yon-yon Zia of the Academia
Sinica, C. F. Wu of Yenching University, F. C. Wu and Gaines
Liu of the National Agriculture Research Institute, C. L. Liu of
Tsing-hua University, C. Y. Liu of Kwangsi University, Prof.
W. E. Hoffmann of Lingnan University, Prof. C. R. Kellogg of
Fukien Christian University, Prof. B. A. Slocum of the University
of Nanking, Prof. A. W. March of Hangchow Christian College
and Fathers 0. Piel and B. Becquart of Universite l’Aurore in
Shanghai. Several American entomologists have in the past spent
one or more years teaching or helping to organize entomology in
China. These include J. G. Needham, C. W. Woodworth, E. C. Van
Dyke, W. A. Riley and C. W 1 . Howard. The latter two were at
Lingnan University, where also Dr. R. C. Miller, director of the
California Academy of Sciences, was in charge of zoology for a
time.

Prominent works on Chinese insects or entomology referred to
by Mr. Gressitt included G. F. Wu’s “Catalog of Chinese Insects”
and works on aquatic insects, Needham’s “Dragonflies of China,”
Hoffmann’s “Catalog of Scutelleroidea . . . ,” Ouchi’s “Bibliography
of Chinese Insects,” Yang’s work on Heteroptera, work on Orthop-
tera by Chang and Tinkham, on Homoptera by Metcalf, Funk-
hauser and Gaines Liu, on Siphonaptera by C. Y. Liu, Vespidae
by C. L. Liu and Coleoptera by Sicien Chen and the speaker. Some

36

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

groups, such as Diptera, Hymonoptera, Lepidoptera and others,
have hardly been studied except for scattered descriptions of
species published in Europe.

Economic entomology is even less developed than systematic
entomology in China. This is partly for economic reasons since
the low living standards of Chinese farmers prevents their utiliz-
ing chemical control of insect pests on their own account, and
also may be partly due to the difficulty of changing long-estab-
lished agricultural practices. The lag is also in part attributable
to lack of government funds for agricultural research and a
scarcity of well-trained entomologists. With the help of the insti-
tutions mentioned above, and the impetus of the war, rapid prog-
ress is being made in certain lines, in spite of the difficult condi-
tions that prevail at present.

At present about the only general types of control that can be
recommended are cultural and mechanical methods, since chemicals
are practically unavailable, even if the farmers had the means to
buy them. Before agricultural entomology can be brought to com-
pare in any degree with that in the United States, the living
standards of the farmers, who form a large part of the population
of China, must be improved or the government must furnish mate-
rials and machinery for cooperative use. Biological control offers
an undeveloped field in China, but may not play as great a part
as it does in this country since many of China’s serious pests are
native, and a lesser proportion introduced from foreign countries
than is the case here.

Among prominent pests the speaker encountered in South China
were the Laichee Stink-bug, rice borers, rice beetles (criocerids
and hispids), roundheaded borers, scales, bugs, and leaf -hoppers
on Citrus, lantern flies and other fulgorids on various fruit trees
or shrubs, mulberry and fig borers (cerambycids) , flea-beetles and
galerucids on vegetables, Citrus and other plants, the banana weevil
and banana leaf -roller (a large hesperiid), the Laichee and Lung-
ngan (Longan) cerambycid borer, wax-moth, cabbage butterfly
and grain weevils and moths.

Mr. Gressitt reported that his work at Lingnan University
largely concerned the care of the collections in the Lingnan Natu-
ral History Museum and the development of the insectary of the
Natural History Survey where the life-histories of many of the
local insect pests were being studied. Complete preserved mate-
rial of the immature stages of these pests or local insects was
being assembled, as well as data. The speaker also had the oppor-
tunity of making three trips into Free China, two in northern
Kwantung and the other through Indo-China into Yunnan, Kwei-
chow and Szechuan provinces in West China, as well as collecting
in Hong Kong from time to time. Because of the Japanese occu-
pation of Canton, Lingnan University was divided in several
places: Canton, Hong Kong and later Free China. Thus the edu-
cational as well as research and travel facilities were consider-

JANUARY, 1945] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

37

ably hampered. In addition to work for Lingnan University, the
speaker spent a few months collecting parasites of the red scale
in Hong Kong and Canton for shipment by clipper to California,
for the Citrus Experiment Station of the University of California.
After the United States entered the war Prof. Hoffmann and the
speaker were allowed to continue research on the Lingnan campus
for about a year and were even able to publish several papers,
called Special Publications of the Lingnan Natural History Survey
and Museum. Following this period came internment and then
repatriation to this country via the “Gripsholm” in December, 1943.

Mr. Gressitt’s talk was accompanied by movies and slides taken
at Canton, Hong Kong and in Free China.

Following a discussion of Mr. Gressitt’s paper the meeting ad-
journed. — E. G. Linsley, Secretary.

One Hundred and Eighty-second Meeting

The one hundred and eighty-second meeting of the Pacific
Coast Entomological Society was held at 2 p.m. on June 24, 1944,
in the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of
Sciences, San Francisco. President Stewart in the chair. The
following members were present: M. A. Stewart, E. G. Linsley,
R. C. Miller, J. L. Gressitt, R. F. Smith, E. C. Van Dyke and E. 0.
Essig. Visitors were present as follows: Prof. Herman A. Scullen,
Mr. Joseph E. Ryus, and Mr. William Russell.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and accepted.

The Membership Committee proposed the following names, Dr.
Heber C. Donohoe, Mr. D. A. Zanette, and Mr. Charles Parsell, Jr.
They were duly elected to membership.

Dr. Van Dyke exhibited a new species of dobson fly, Neohermes
nigrinus Van Dyke, calling attention to the fact that much work
in neuropteroids remains to be done in the west. He also exhibited
two boxes of Coleoptera sent by Dr. Ross from New Guinea. He
noted especially a species of Pachyrhynchus, a group formerly
thought to be restricted to the Philippine fauna.

Dr. Van Dyke reported the capture in the spring of 1944 of a
mating pair of Bombus vosnesenskii. The female was freshly
emerged. The male appeared worn. He stated that it was gener-
ally believed that bumblebees mated in the autumn only, but this
observation suggested that there were two broods. Dr. Linsley re-
marked that in 1942 he had captured large numbers of males of
B. edwardsii and a few of B. vosneseskii and B. sitkensis in early
spring in Madera and Mariposa counties and in the previous year
had taken a few males of edwardsii in Shasta County. He sug-
gested that the production of vernal males might be characteristic
of certain western bumblebees and expressed the opinion that it
did not necessarily imply two broods.

President Stewart then presented Dr. R. C. Miller who ad-
dressed the Society on the subject “What is a species?” Dr. Miller
stated that as soon as the Linnean concept of a species as a sep-

38

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

arate, permanent, and more or less easily recognizable, entity
began to prove untenable, the whole problem of what constitutes
a species fell into a state of confusion from which it has not
emerged. Thus one finds views of working taxonomists ranging
all the way from those who believe that positive (e„g. genetic)
criteria can be found for segregating species to those who frankly
consider species to be arbitrary groupings of individuals for the
convenience of biologists in arranging or discussing them. As a
matter of fact, even taxonomists who adhere to the former of
these ideas in theory, often follow the latter in practise. Accord-
ingly, as a working definition Dr. Miller proposed consideration of
the following:

“A species is a group of closely similar organisms segregated
on the basis of characters that can be recognized by the average
trained biologist.”

Many will object that “specialist” should be substituted for
“average trained biologist.” But if we grant this, we drift dan-
gerously toward taxonomic authoritarianism, under which a spe-
cies becomes whatever Dr. X or Professor Y says is a species.

The lack of agreement as to what constitutes a species empha-
sizes the importance of the type, and of promptly depositing type
material in a recognized museum where it will be permanently
available for study by present and future investigators.

After a discussion of Dr. Miller’s paper the meeting adjourned.
— E. G. Linsley, Secretary.

One Hundred and Eighty-third Meeting

The one hundred and eighty-third meeting of the Pacific Coast
Entomological Society was held at 2:30 p.m. on October 7, 1944,
in the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of
Sciences. The following members were present: F. P. Keen, E. G.
Linsley, R. F. Smith, J. L. Gressitt, N. F. Olson, A. E. Michel-
bacher, C. D. Duncan, E. C. Van Dyke, P. Moorhead, and R. W. L.
Potts. Visitors were present as follows: E. A. Steinhaus, A. L.
Burroughs, P. H. Arnand.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The Membership Committee proposed Prof. H. A. Scullen for
membership in the Society. He was duly elected.

Dr. E. C. Van Dyke exhibited six boxes of mounted insects from
the more than fifty thousand specimens sent back by Dr. E. S.
Ross from New Guinea.

Dr. C. D. Duncan exhibited an extremely interesting collection
of unusually grotesque neotropical Membracidae. Pie also called
attention to the discovery at Mt. Hermon in Santa Cruz County,
California, of a large colony of Vermelio, a genus which had been
previously regarded as restricted to higher elevations in the state.

Mr. R. F. Smith reported a large migration of Aglais calif or-
nica late in the summer of 1944 and called attention to the fact
that he was preparing a summary of the literature pertaining to

January, 104 . 5 ] PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOCIETY

30

migrations of this species and would welcome any first-hand ob-
servations on the subject. Mr. F. P. Keen remarked that early in
the season there was a serious outbreak of the caterpillar on
Ceanothus in the Shasta region.

Mr. Keen also commented that in general this had been a year
of minor barkbeetle activity along the Pacific Coast but that de-
foliators had been serious in certain local areas. He mentioned
particularly outbreaks of Perionia variana, and a lodgepole pine
sawfly {Neodiprion sp.). The latter species was responsible for
the defoliation of about 25 square miles of lodgepole pine in Ore-
gon, as a result of an infestation which had apparently been
building up for at least three years.

In response to a question by Dr. Linsley, Mr. Keen commented
on an outbreak of the Englemann spruce beetle in the Grand Mesa
and White Mesa, Colorado. The species had not previously been
observed in epidemic numbers for a great many years.

Mr. Keen then presented Prof. Edward A. Steinhaus of the
Department of Bacteriology, University of California, who deliv-
ered an illustrated lecture on Intracellular Organisms in Insects.
Prof. Steinhaus pointed out that some of the most interesting of
all biologic relationships between microorganisms and insects are
those of intracellular parasites and symbiosis. Within the tissue
cells of many arthropods may be found apparently living, non-
pathogenic organisms. These intracellular organisms frequently
live in specialized cells or structure called mycetocytes and myce-
tomes. Various types of these were discussed and illustrated by
lantern slides. These organisms are not only transmitted directly
from one generation to the next but they are also present in every
representative of the species. In the case of the aphids the path
of transmission of the symbiotes was traced from the follicular
epithelium of the parent to the definitely formed mycetome of the
offspring. In certain bostrychid beetles, the organisms from the
mycetomes invade the lobes of the testes, multiply, and mix with
the sperm. They then pass through the micropyle of the fully
formed egg during its passage to the outside, and thus the infec-
tion is accomplished. Transmission of the symbiotes via the out-
side of the egg shell was shown in the case of Stegobium paniceum.
Other intimate and little understood relationships were discussed
and illustrated. For the most part these intracellular organisms
are of the nature of bacteria or yeasts, and occasionally fungi.

As to the role of these symbiotic microorganisms in the life
processes of the host very little definite information is at hand.
In some cases, at least, the symbiotes apparently supply vitamins
necessary for normal insect development.

After a discussion of Dr. Steinhaus’ paper, the meeting was
adjourned. — E. G. Linsley, Secretary.

One Hundred and Eighty-fourth Meeting

The one hundred and eighty-fourth meeting of the Pacific Coast

40

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 1

Entomological Society was held at 2:30 p.m. on January 6, 1945,
in the entomological laboratories of the California Academy of
Sciences. The following members were present: M. A. Stewart,
E. G. Linsley, F. P. Keen, E. C. Van Dyke, P. Moorhead, A. E.
Michelbacher, W. M. Pearce, R. W. L. Potts, R. F. Smith, M. W.
Allen, J. L. Gressitt, R. C. Miller, and C. D. Duncan. Visitors
were present as follows: Mr. L. R. Brown, Mr. R. P. Allen, Mr. J.
Gomez. Dr. E. A. Steinhaus, Miss R. Noakes, Mr. A. L. Burroughs,
Mrs. B. Prendergast, and Miss H. L. Pehrson.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

The Membership Committee proposed Prof. Carl J. Drake, Dr.
E. A. Steinhaus, Mr. Robert P. Allen, and William Peterman, Inc.,
for membership in the Society. They were duly elected.

President Stewart asked for the annual report from the Treas-
urer. Dr. Miller presented the report and Dr. Van Dyke moved
that the report be accepted and that the Society extend its thanks
to Dr. Miller for the excellent work wihch he had performed in
connection with this office. The motion was seconded and unani-
mously passed.

The Nominating Committee proposed the following officers for
1945: F. P. Keen, President; C. D. Duncan, Vice-president; E. G.
Linsley, Secretary, and R. C. Miller, Treasurer. The motion was
made, seconded and passed that the Secretary cast a unanimous
ballot for their election.

Dr. Stewart turned the chair over to the new president, Mr.
Keen, after expressing appreciation to the officers and members
for support which had been extended to him during his term of
office and after calling attention to the great responsibility which
scientific societies must assume at present in order to maintain
standards and culture in the face of strong pressures to the con-
trary.

Dr. Van Dyke exhibited a copy of G. V. Hudson’s “The Butter-
flies and Moths of New Zealand” which the Academy had recently
received as a gift from the New Zealand legation in Washington.

Dr. Steinhaus mentioned his interest in bacterial, protozoal and
viral diseases of insects and expressed the hope that members
would assist him in the collection of material for study.

Mr. Keen then presented Dr. Stewart who delivered a most
thought-provoking address entitled “Professional Training in En-
tomology” (seep. 1).

Following Dr. Stewart’s address, the meeting adjourned. — E. G.
Linsley, Secretary.

REVISTA DE ENTOMOLOGIA

An International Review of Entomology

An illustrated magazine published four times a year by THOMAZ
BORGMEIER, O.F.M.. devoted to entomology, mainly of the neo-
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Hood, etc., with a bibliography of the current literature (economic
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Subscriptions should be sent to the Editor: Thomaz Borgmeier,
O.F.M., Convento 3. Antonio, Largo da Carioca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

ARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA

A large collection of Arctic Lepidoptera, especially Erebia,
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Collectors who desire such material please communicate
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Canaaa.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

An illustrated magazine, published monthly — except August and
September — devoted to the study of INSECT LIFE. It contains a list
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Annual subscription price $3.00. Foreign (except Canadian $3.15)

subscriptions S3. 30. Single copies 35 cents. Address

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS,

1Q00 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Vol. XXI

April, 1945

No. 2

THE

Pan -Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

GOLDSCHMIDT, EVOLUTION OF MOUTH PARTS IN DIPTERA— A

COUNTER CRITIQUE 41

HARE, FLYING STAGE OF THE DEER LOUSEFLY, LIPOPTENA

DEPRESSA (SAY), IN CALIFORNIA 48

SAMPSON, FIVE NEW SPECIES OF ALEYRODIDAE FROM

CALIFORNIA 68

SEEVERS, NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF TRICHOPSENIINAE

FROM AMERICAN AND AUSTRALIAN TERMITE NESTS 63

FENDER, OREGON CHRYSOMELIDAE 72

JENSEN, NOTES ON THE SYNONYMY, NYMPHS AND DISTRIBUTION

OF HETEROPSYLLA TEXANA CRAWFORD 74

FENDER, NOTES ON THE SPECIES OF PODABRUS OF OREGON AND
WASHINGTON 77

San Francisco, California

1945

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. C. Van Dyke E. G. Linsley R. W. L. Potts

Associate Editor Editor Assistant Editor

R. L. Usinger* G. F. Ferris E. S. Ross*

R. C. Miller, Treasurer

• On military leave

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society
Proceedings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic
and biological phases of entomology are favored, including articles up
to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and
distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should
be addressed to the editor, E. G. Linsley, 112 Agriculture Hall, Uni-
versity of California, Berkeley, California. All communications regard-
ing non-receipt of numbers, changes of address, requests for sample
copies, and all financial communications should be addressed to the
treasurer, R. C. Miller, at the California Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco, California.

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Additional copies will be reprinted at cost of publication, if a request
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Domestic and foreign subscriptions $2.50 per year in advance. Price
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Tli e Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXI, No. 2 April, 1945

EVOLUTION OF MOUTH PARTS IN DIPTERA
A COUNTER CRITIQUE

BY RICHARD B. GOLDSCHMIDT
University of California, Berkeley

In a recent review of that homoeotic mutants of Drosophila my
former student, C. Villee, made some statements on homologies
of Dipteran mouth parts (taken over from Bridges and Dobzhan-
sky’s paper on the Drosophila mutant proboscidea ) . Later he
commented briefly, though rather dogmatically, on the evolu-
tionary significance of those mutants, following the present au-
thor’s viewpoints as developed in a recent book (1940). Villee’s
remarks on both these topics have been strongly criticised by the
excellent entomologist, G. F. Ferris. As this criticism does not
involve questions of entomological detail unknown to the out-
sider, but broad and general problems of evolution it ought to
be considered carefully and discussed by non-entomologists.

Ferris’ first, rather acid critique was directed against the
geneticist’s claim to have established some decisive arguments in
controversial problems of homology. The organ under discussion
is the oral lobe or labellum in the proboscis of Diptera. Old
authors (Lowne) homologized it to the maxillae, but this had
been given up long' ago by dipterologists, some of whom consid-
ered the oral lobes as derived from the paraglossae while the
more modern view derives them from the labial palpi. Villee,
repeating remarks made by Bridges and Dobzhansky, pointed out
that the mutant proboscipedia with antennae or tarsi instead of
the oral lobes proves definitely that Lowne was wrong. He did
not further discuss the development of the problem subsequent
to Lowne’s paper because part of the literature had been quoted
by Bridges-Dobzhansky whom he followed in his discussion.
Ferris rebuked rather strongly the geneticist who assumes the
right to decide upon a problem of comparative morphology. He
wrote: “So far, so good. This is merely a fact which is well
enough known to any morphologist of the present day and the
contribution of genetics is not necessary to confirm it.” Further,
after quoting Villee’s remark that the mutant shows that the oral

42

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

lobes are homologous to labial palpi, he said: “Villee seems to
have been unaware of any work that has been done in the mor-
phology of insects since the date of Lowne (1890), for evidence
has been presented on morphological grounds alone, by at least
three authors, which demonstrates beyond any reasonable doubt
that the ‘oral lobes’ of flies are in fact nothing more than the
labial palpi. We should not object to such confirmation of our
morphological ideas as we can gain from geneticists . . . . ”

This discussion, I think, has a significance beyond the present
bone of contention. The present writer, who had passed the in-
criminated sentences for publication though overlooking the lack
of reference to the modern interpretation, cannot be accused of
lack of understanding for the morphologist’s point of view,
having spent many years of his life in work on comparative mor-
phology and having been guilty of many more or less good
phylogenetic homologisations on the basis of such work. But, I
think, everybody ought to realize that problems of homology can,
in many cases, be settled only by experimental, embryological,
or genetical work. By comparing many different types the mor-
phologist comes to definite conclusions the correctness of which
increases with the quantity of the material available. Sometimes
there will be no reasonable doubt for a homologisation and the
actual proof furnished by the experimental work might amount
to carrying owls into Athens. To take an example: The homo-
logisation of the halteres of flies with wings is beyond any rea-
sonable doubt. Thus the fact that a haltere may be transformed
into a wing ( Drosophila mutant tetraptera ) or a wing into a
haltere (mutant telraltera) is not needed to establish the homol-
ogy. But there are many homologies for which the situation is
different and different schools draw different conclusions. To
take again an example: There has been much discussion and di-
vergence of opinion regarding the homologies between female
and male genital armature and ducts in Lepidoptera. Some points
could be settled by the study of development, but other homol-
ogies could only be finally established (by Goldschmidt and
Kosminsky) when the geneticist produced all grades of inter-
sexes in which the transformation of one part into the other (or
the impossibility of it) could be seen. The supreme criterion of
homology is experimentally transforming one member into the
other.

APRIL, 1 945 ]

GOLDSCHMIDT — MOUTH PARTS IN DIPTERA

43

In spite of Ferris’ claims to the contrary and the condescend-
ence apparent in the above quotation, I hold that the situation is
not much different in the material under discussion. Though, no
doubt, the present trend among dipterologists is to assume that
the labella are the homologues of labial palpi, it cannot be over-
looked that very good entomologists have held (and might still
hold) that the proper homologues are the paraglossae. In the
most recent general presentation of the subject known to me, the
Dipterologist Hendel writes (1936) : “ A generally accepted
homologisation does not yet exist. 1 According to Peterson sub-
mentum and mentum are united more or less closely with the
membrane of the sixth head sternite. He calls the boatshaped
chitinous plate located ventrally in the labial proboscis the
theca; he homologises the labella with the paraglossae as do
Newport and Gershfield. I follow in the homologisation of the
labial parts those authors who interpret the just mentioned ven-
tral chitin plate of the trunk as the mentum, and the labella as
labial palpi (Burmeister, Becher, Hewitt, Frey) Almost at the
same time Snodgrass (1935) writes in his well-known text: “The
labella . . . have been generally regarded as the paraglossae,
apparent rudiments of the glossae being sometimes present be-
tween them; but Crampton . . . has given reasons for believing
that the labellar lobes are the labial palpi. Palpi, however, are
typically provided with antagonistic muscles. The lobes of the
fly labrum have usually only one muscle inserted directly upon
it.” Thus the standard entomological text does hardly consider
Crampton’s (and others) homologisation established “beyond
reasonable doubt” and actually is leaning toward the other side.

To these statements I may add that among the old and new
authors who agree with Frey are Erickson (1840), Kraepelin
(1880), Griinberg (1907), Crampton (1923-25), Jobling (1927).
Among those who are opposed to the homology of the labella
with labial palpi are Wesche (1904), McGillivray (1924),
Otanes (1922). The detailed and animated polemic on the sub-
ject between Crampton and McGillivray proves sufficiently that
a final decision satisfying everybody cannot be reached by mor-
phological comparison alone. (Professor E. G. Linsley has
kindly drawn my attention to Crampton’s most recent paper,

1 Translated from the German ; italics mine.

44

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

1942, in which he summarizes the data in favor of his interpreta-
tion and gives clearer drawings of mouth parts of Mecoptera and
Diptera than contained in former publications.)

Thus to me these statements and facts convey the idea that the
problem is still controversial and not solved “beyond any rea-
sonable doubt” by comparative morphology. The genetical facts
reported above furnish a complete proof of the interpretation.
The geneticists who claim this (following Bridges and Dobzhan-
sky, the latter himself trained as an entomologist) do not want
to parade any superiority but just make the proper use of a
superior tool, which they happen to wield.

There is a second part to Ferris’ criticism. Villee had stated,
following certain of the present author’s views (1940) that the
homoetic mutants demonstrate that it is not necessary for ex-
ample, to assume that the oral lobe has been developed from the
biting parts of lower insects by accumulation of small steps.
Rather a single mutation affecting early embryonic processes may
have effected this in one step. He adds, somewhat overshooting
his mark, that animals with intermediate mouth parts would not
have been able to feed. 2 To this Ferris remarks: “All of which
can but wring an agonized scream from the depths of a mor-
phologist’s soul. The writer of that statement, like most non-
entomologists, seems to be quite unaware of the fact that there
are thousands upon thousands of species of flies other than
Drosophila melanogaster and that these flies present probably
hundreds of those various ‘intermediate types of mouth parts’
condemned by him, with which they get along very nicely. These
degrees of development range from the perfectly normal, although
but two-segmented palpus in the closely related and possibly even
antecedent order Mecoptera through various modifications up to
the highly bulbous palpi of the most specialized flies ...” This
statement clearly characterises my viewpoint, as repeated by my
student, as based upon ignorance. But it may be assumed that a
former, though rather amateurish collector of insects, including
Diptera and Mecoptera, is familiar with the existence of flies
other than Drosophila. Recollecting the structure of the many
mouth parts of Diptera which I had once dissected in entomol-
ogical classwork, I was unable to remember having seen all these
transitions. Therefore, I asked Ferris by letter to name a few of

2 My own statement (1940) of which this is a paraphrase says that gradations
between generalized and specialized types would have died of starvation.

APRIL, 1945 ]

GOLDSCHMIDT MOUTII rARTS MrTEIfcA

45

the hundreds of transitional stages which he had in mind and to
help me to collect information on them. As no answer was re-
ceived, I took the trouble to search for these transitions, believing
that there might be an alternative to ignorance so complete that
it makes souls scream: namely a different evaluation of what
might be considered a transitional stage.

Again I consulted first the most recent monograph on Diptera
by Hendel and found the following statement: “The labella or
labial palpi are separate externally in primitive forms, inde-
pendent but connected basally by a hyaline middle part which
may be swelled. This connection has become more close in the
course of evolution, especially in the Calyptrata.” This statement,
in my opinion, covers the crux of the matter. In the papers of
Peterson, Frey, Crampton and Jobling descriptions can be found
of the mouth parts and their comparative interpretation and in
some of them detailed, in others only semi-diagrammatic figures.
The interest centers upon the forms which are considered primi-
tive by dipterologists. Crampton studied what he calls the most
primitive living representative of the order Diptera, Tanyderus.
Frey (1913) analysed a series of primitive types as Bolitophila,
Gnoriste, Sciara, etc. Jobling (1927) discussed Culicoides. In
all these cases we have the typical elongated labium whatever the
homologisations of the parts with the mentum, submentum and
palpiger of lower forms may be, much of which is controversial.
The labella may still show traces of two segments, but they are
bulbous, connected by a hyaline membranous middle part which
can be swelled by blood pressure. The outer part is better chit-
inized and supported by chitinous arcs. Altogether the labella
and their supports are incorporated into the functions of the
proboscis into which the mouth parts combine. There are cer-
tainly many variations in detail but as a whole the principle of
a dipteran labium is present from the beginning as far as I am
able to find out. The dipterologists agree that these mouth parts
are derived from those of the Mecoptera. But the only condition
of transition which I can find in Diptera is the rudimentary seg-
mentation of the primitive labellum. Thus it looks to me as if
the decisive step to “dipterisation” was a single one, whether
derived from a Mecopteran type, or if this is a blind side alley,
from a more primitive one. It is possible that Ferris laid less
stress upon the first establishment of the Dipteran type in his

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

“hundreds of transitional stages,” though he starts his series with
the Mecoptera as first transitional types. Villee had only spoken
of the change of the primitive biting mouth parts (esp. labrum)
into the Dipteran type. Probably Ferris alluded to the develop-
ment of the specialized types, e.g., in Drosophila, from the prim-
itive dipteran type. If one arranges the labella of many types of
flies according to e.g., the number of pseudotracheae or the sense
organs or the shape, one can certainly put them into a series,
though not one of hundreds of steps, and certainly not a phylo-
genetic one. It has frequently been pointed out in evolutionary
discussions that variable objects may be arranged in a series
whenever quantitative variants are involved, but without any
meaning in regard to the derivation of one from the other. If we
take a crude example; we might arrange all brass instruments
into an evolutionary series according to the number of valves or
the bending of the tube or the size or all of them together. Is this
an evolutionary series? There is certainly no transition between
a tuba and a valve instrument. The last phylogenetic step, the
saxophone, has probably not been derived from a horn or cornet,
but from the constructive principles of some wood wind without
any transitions. In the same way the existence of a labellum
with one, two, four, many pseudotracheae in different Diptera,
specialized for different ways of feeding does not imply that this
represents an evolutionary series. Just as some mutation must
have once produced the primitive two pseudotracheae from a
form without them, also four of them may have originated at
once by a different mutation. The same argument applies to all
other specializations. Genetics has taught us that in series of
multiple alleles of one character showing all transitions, e.g.,
from large wings to absence of wings, one mutational step may
produce the extreme as well as any intermediate. In the case
under discussion it has been shown that one mutational step
transforms a highly specialized labellum into a segmented ap-
pendage. This makes us suspicious of graded series of evolution
assembled from numerous variants going in all directions. But
these are details. The decisive point is the first step from a biting
labium to a sucking one, from a palpus to a labellum. For this
I have, thus far, failed to find the numerous transitional steps,
though one might say, comparing as types, Periplaneta, Panorpa
and primitive fly, that the Mecoptera have gone in the direction

APRIL, 1945]

GOLDSCHMIDT MOUTH PARTS IN DIPTERA

47

of Diptera in some respects but failed to take the decisive step
which I can consider only as a single one. But even if the
Mecoptera were the actual ancestors of the Diptera and the two-
jointed palpus and rudimentation of glossae and paraglossae and
the occasional presence of pseudotracheae (if true) were one of
the proofs of this, the flat, biting type of mouth parts, though
soft and reduced, is not yet a beginning of a dipteran type which
involves the tubular, connected, swellable organ into which men-
turn, submentum, as well as the palpi enter by a proper trans-
formation (which includes also muscles, sense organs, etc.)
which it is not easy to imagine as having occurred in small steps.

Literature

All papers mentioned in the text but not here cited, are quoted
in one of the following papers; the most complete list is found in
Crampton (1942).

Bridges, C. B. and Th. Dobzhansky

1932. Arch. f. Entwckl. Mech. der Organ. 127:575-590.
Crampton, G. C.

1923. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 25:171-180.

1925. Ibid. 27:68-90.

1942. Guide to the Insects of Connecticut, State Geol. Nat.
Hist. Surv. Bull. 64(6) :10-131.

Ferris, G. F.

1943. Microentomology. 8(l):2-7.

Frey, R.

1913. Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fenn. 37:1-50.

1921. Ibid. 48:1-247.

Goldschmidt, R.

1934. Lymantria. Bibl. Gen. 11:1-180.

1940. The material basis of evolution. Yale Press, New Haven.
Hendel, F.

1936-37. Diptera, in Handbuch d. Zool. 42:1729-1998.
Jobling, B.

1927-28. Bull. Ent. Res. 18:211-236.

Peterson, A.

1916. Illinois Biol. Monogr. 3:1-61.

Snodgrass, R. C.

1935. Principles of insect morphology. New York.

Villee, C.

1942. Amer. Nat. 76:494-506.

48

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

FLYING STAGE OF THE DEER LOUSEFLY, LIPOPTENA
DEPRESSA (SAY), IN CALIFORNIA

(Diptera, Hippoboscidae)

BY JOHN EDWARD HARE
University of California, Berkeley

Lipoptena depressa (Say) is a common bloodsucking ecto-
parasite of deer (genus Odocoileus ) in western North America.
As in other Hippoboscidae the females are larviparous, deposit-
ing at short intervals single full-grown larvae which immediately
pupate. 1 The pupating larvae are smooth and clean, dropping
from among the host hairs to the ground where the entire pupal
period is passed. At emergence the imago possesses fully devel-
oped though fragile wings and flies among the trees in the wood-
land haunts of the host. This stage of the parasite, here called
the volant, survives but a few days in the absence of the normal
host. Upon reaching a deer, the volants immediately crawl be-
tween the hairs and begin to suck blood. Here they remain as
permanent parasites for the rest of their lives, soon losing the
wings by a simple process of wear.

In the course of a detailed study of the complete life history
of this species over a period of six years, numerous observations
have been made of the occurrence and behavior of the volants in
California. The present paper is concerned only with the volant
phase, i.e., that portion of the life cycle beginning at emergence
from the puparium, and the subsequent events which lead to the
finding of a host.

Little published information exists on the biology of L. dep-
ressa, and this almost exclusively concerns the parasitic stage on
the deer. Spencer (1939) believed that young flies probably
emerge at intervals throughout the spring in British Columbia,
basing his conclusions on a study of mature parasites taken from
deer carcasses in November. Bequaert (1942) mentions that
flights of many winged, newly emerged individuals of both sexes
are often observed in the fall, when they frequently alight on
people and are said to bite readily. Cowan (1943) states that

1 The gestation period of L. depressa is three to four days as found by expe-
riments with captive deer, soon to be reported. Cowan (1943) estimated a two
months period; Hei-man ( Calif . Fish & Game, 31 (1),1945) has repeated this figure.

APRIL, 1Q4£]

HATtE— T.TPOPTENA nEPPlilflRA

49

volants often alighted on his clothing, and from rearing experi-
ments on puparia deposited by females removed from dead deer,
he concluded that emergence in the wild occurs from June to
November in British Columbia. Herman (1945) includes photo-
graphs of the volant, puparium and parasitic female of L. dep-
ressa, as Neolipoptena ferrisi (Beq.)

I have observed and collected free flying volants in California
at the following localities : Binkley Ranch, near Kelseyville, Lake
County; 17-mile Drive, Carmel, Monterey County; Sespe Gorge,
near Ojai, Ventura County; Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County;
Redwood Canyon and Strawberry Canyon, Alameda County. No
attempt was made to survey the entire state to establish the geo-
graphic limits of distribution, but in general it may be said to
coexist with that of the deer hosts.

Volants of Neolipoptena ferrisi (Bequaert) ( Lipoptena subu-
lata Ferris and Cole) have been collected along with L. depressa
on only two occasions (Lake County, Ventura County) and then
in very small numbers. N. ferrisi, although it accompanies L.
depressa infestations on deer in many parts of California, ap-
pears to be more limited in distribution, at least with respect to
coastal California.

Bequaert (1937, 1942) lists specimens of L. depressa from 29
of the 58 counties of California, from Humboldt, Trinity and
Lassen in the north, to Orange, Riverside and San Diego in the
south, and from the Pacific Coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
The races of Odocoileus hemionus (Mule and Blacktail deer) are
widely distributed in California, according to Dixon (1934) and
Cowan (1936), and are absent only from the hot interior valleys
and from the Great Basin Desert region of southeastern Califor-
nia. The presence of infested deer in a given area, as determined
by examination of carcasses during the hunting season, would
indicate the occurrence of the volant stage in the same general
area. Wherever intensive search was made in localities known to
be frequented by deer, volants have sooner or later been found.
In certain cases, notably Carmel, Mt. Diablo and Strawberry
Canyon (Berkeley) , many hundreds of volants have been ob-
served and collected at frequent intervals during the warmer
months of the year.

The conclusions here presented are based on a total of over
70 daily field trips, of which approximately 50 refer to the

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

Strawberry Canyon, Alameda County, locality, which served as
the primary field station for the observation of wild volants.

Seasonal Occurrence

My earliest records for the year for the appearance of L. dep -
ressa volants are: March 26, 1941, 35 flies, Mt. Diablo; March
28, 1942, 24 flies, Mt. Diablo; March 18, 1944, 3 flies, Berkeley
hills. Trips made to these localities during January and Febru-
ary of several years were negative. From March onward the
volants appear in ever-increasing numbers as the weather grows
warmer, until a peak is reached in the latter part of July, at
which time as many as 200 flies have been caught in one hour, in
an area of one acre. In the Berkeley station, for which I have the
most complete records, the volant population appears to diminish
during the months of August and September. Volants continue to
occur in fairly good numbers on warm days in October and
November, and four flies were caught flying as late as December
8, 1943. Volants have also been collected in August in Ventura
County, September in Lake County, and October in Monterey
County. On October 5, 1938, the flies were exceedingly numerous
along 17-Mile Drive, Monterey County, and over 500 specimens
were collected by three collectors in less than two hours. This
indicates that the seasonal peak may extend into late fall in some
localities.

Volant and Host Ecology

It is to be expected that the ecological niche of the volant
stage of L. depressa integrates with that of the host, since this
stage of the cycle is devoted entirely to bringing it, fresh from
emergence from the puparium in the forest floor, into contact
with its host.

Bequaert (1942) gives the following as the normal, breeding
hosts of Lipoptena depressa: Odocoileus hemionus hemionus
(Rafinesque) — Rocky Mountain Mule Deer; O. h. columbianus
(Richardson) — Columbian Blacktail Deer; Odocoileus virgini-
anus leucurus (Douglas) — Western White-tailed Deer; Cervus
canadensis (Erxleben) — the Wapiti or American Elk. The nor-
mal ecological pattern in California concerns races of Odocoileus
hemionus only. Bequaert’s list of specimens examined includes
a record from Odocoileus hemionus calif ornicus (Caton), and

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HAKK — LIFOrTKHA UEritESBA

51

in the absence of host identification of many other series of
specimens, the localities given would indicate that 0. h. inyoensis
Cowan and 0. h. fuligirmtus Cowan may also be normal hosts of
L. depressa (based on Cowan’s study of the distribution of Pacific
Coast Deer, 1936) . The only California race of Odocoileus
hemionus for which there seems to be no evidence, direct or in-
direct, of infestation by L. depressa, is 0. h. eremicus (Mearns) ,
the Burro Deer. According to Cowan, this race is found in Cali-
fornia only in the extreme southeastern corner of the state, in
the Lower Sonoran life-zone, chiefly below 1500 feet. This race
of deer is isolated from the coastal races by the Colorado Desert,
and has habits which are different from the hemionus Rassenkreis
as a whole. Blacktail deer in California inhabit mainly the
Transition and Boreal zones, but are also abundant in the Upper
Sonoran chaparral belt of the coastal region, from Mendocino
County southward. Cowan states that in the coastal regions the
habitats favored are Redwood, Scrub Oak, and chaparral, while
in the Sierran region the foothill chaparral belt and the Yellow
Pine-chaparral association support the bulk of the population.
Dixon (1934) considers California Mule Deer to be characteristic
inhabitants of the Yellow Pine and White Fir forests in the cen-
tral Sierran region, and has observed herds at elevations up to
11,000 feet.

From the above account it may be concluded that deer are to
be found under a wide variety of floristic conditions, at all ele-
vations up to at least 10,000 feet, and absent only from the most
arid portions of the Lower Sonoran zone (cf. Grinnell, 1939).

At the collecting localities mentioned above, volants of L.
depressa were collected in a number of different plant associa-
tions: Digger Pine, Pinus sabiniana, Lake County; Monterey
Pine, Pinus radiata, mature growth — Monterey County, young
growth — Alameda and Contra Costa counties; Cedar, Chamae-
cy paris thyoides, young plantings, Strawberry Canyon, Alameda
County; Redwood, Sequoia sempervirens, Redwood Canyon, Ala-
meda County; Pine-Oak-Juniper association ( Pinus sabiniana-
Quercus douglasii-Juniperus californica ) Mt. Diablo, Juniper
Camp, Contra Costa County; Laurel-Oak association ( Umbellu -
laria calif ornica-Quercus agrifolia ) Redwood Canyon; Willow-
wild rose thicket (Riparian mountain meadow) Ventura County.

The volant habitats are all mesophytic in nature, when con-

52

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

trasted with the adjoining grassland and chaparral formations
usually present at the same localities, but which are almost uni-
versally negative with respect to volants. Among the factors
which appear to be important are, 1) moderate to dense shade
(which directly modifies the temperature relations and the evap-
oration rate) and 2) shelter from wind. The shade factor is also
involved in the production of a light-shade edge pattern which is
commonly present in the volant habitats. The ecological rela-
tions of the light-shade edge will be discussed later.

Deer beds and other fresh sign were commonly present in the
same vicinities as the highest volant densities. The highly local-
ized occurrence of volants in these areas suggests that the flight
range is quite limited.

In localities where the volants are habitually present, and
during the warmer hours of the day, considerably more flies can
be caught on the body of the collector than in a net. It is more
accurate to say that the flies seek out the collector than the
reverse. The volants have the habit of alighting suddenly on
almost any part of the body, clothed or exposed. Here they pause
for a fraction to several seconds, and then just as suddenly fly
off again. By acting quickly, it is possible to capture the flies
while they remain on the skin or clothing, by grasping them
lightly between the fingers, or by inverting a collecting tube
over them. The volants are small (3 mm.) flat, brown flies, with
tough leathery bodies which can withstand considerable pressure
and handling without injury, other than occasional tearing of
the delicate wings.

Localities were surveyed simply by traversing, meanwhile be-
ing on the alert for any volants which might alight on the body.
Specimens were obtained in this way even when the population
density was so low that continuous beating for long periods did
not yield a single fly by the conventional method. Sweeping and
beating were useful during cold or wet weather or in the very
early morning hours, when inactive or sluggish volants could be
swept from edge foliage of trees, shrubs or grass in the same
localities.

Of a total of over 600 individually recorded observations on
volant behavior, approximately 17 per cent alighted on my body
while I stood or moved in direct sunlight, another 17 per cent
while in deep shade, and the balance, 66 per cent, occurred in or

APKIL., I^45J

IIAR

LirOl’TIiNA Uizrn ESSA

53

close to the interzone produced at the edge of the distinct shadow
cast by the trees which border the woodland formations. The
occurrence of volants at this light-shade edge was very character-
istic, and the highest frequencies of landings always took place
here. Landings were most numerous when moving from shad-
ows outward to bright sunlight, less when moving along the
shadow edge, and least when moving from sunlight into shadow
at right angles to shadow edge.

A similar behavior has been reported for the volants of
Lipoptena cervi in Germany, by Schroeder (1911) who describes
how over 100 specimens were caught as they alighted on several
people crossing a clearing in a forest in Pomerania, in October.
No details were given by Schroeder, but to collect that number of
volants by hand requires time and care, and one may assume
that the members of his party moved about the clearing while
awaiting the flies.

The behavior of L. depressa volants may be attributed to the
interaction of a number of responses, which probably include a
phototaxis, form vision and light adaptation, and perhaps also
detection of moving objects. Experiments have been conducted
on the photic responses and other orientations of the volants, as
well as on newly established and old feeding flies, and these will
be reported in a later paper.

It is interesting to note that the behavior of tsetse flies, which
in many ways are ecologically equivalent to the volant L. dep-
ressa, resembles closely that described above. Schwetz (1919)
states that Glossina fusca Walker occurred almost exclusively
along paths and roads bordering forests. G. palpalis R.-D. ac-
cording to Fiske (1920), when in search of a host, follows game
trails, lake shores and stream banks, and in general follows the
line between shadow and sunlight, being averse to penetrating
shadow where light is not evident beyond, and vice versa.

Swynnerton (1936) describes the “vegetational concurrence”
required by G. morsitans Westw. for example, which requires
both a savannah of sufficient shade value, and open glades in
which to hunt prey. The feeding grounds are on sections of paths
or glades and passes between thickets. Jackson speaks of the
same species (1941) living in restricted “ambits”, congregating
along the “contact line of woodland and swamp, often in a special
interzone including trees not found in either of the other types”.

54

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

He states that the interzone provides good visibility and attractive
conditions for the hosts, while the shadier woodland offers breed-
ing and resting haunts.

The habits of the hosts of L. depressa, so far as they are
known, fit into the volant pattern very well. Dixon (1934) states
that mule deer in California spend the middle of the day bedded
down in cool secluded nooks, such as groves of pines provide.
Other bedding places are wild plum thickets, rocky ridges and
hemlock thickets. To reach these spots, the deer must travel from
the early morning feeding grounds in meadows and chaparral-
covered hillsides, traversing patches of woodlands and the forest
edges on the way. Here the volants have adequate opportunity to
alight on the slowly moving or even momentarily stationary deer
still browsing as they go. The bedding-down places are usually
close to the forest edge, as the wary animals prefer a spot with
an unobstructed view on one or two sides. In late fall and
winter sunny nooks are sought for sun baths (Dixon, 1934,
p. 35). As the shadows shift, the deer change their position, and
move to other sun-bathed spots. This is precisely where volants
habitually occur. The responses to temperature are also condu-
cive to the rendezvous. Volants tend to retire into the deeper
shadows on the warmest summer days, but on cool spring and fall
days, the flies congregate in the warm sunny glades bounded by
dense shadows. I have found by personal experience with cap-
tive blacktail deer that these animals are extremely light-shy on
hot summer days, and seek the cool shadows whenever permitted.
The reverse is true in cool weather.

Diurnal Cycle

During the night and in the first hours after dawn, volants
may be recovered from foliage in the same localities where
flights are made during the day. Crawling activity evidently be-
gins as soon as light is present, when the temperature permits
sluggish movement. Sluggish volants, their bodies wet with dew,
have been observed dropping from branches of trees overhead as
early as 5 A.M., just before dawn, on a cool foggy morning
(13° C.). Volants kept at 10° C. overnight, move the legs and
attempt to crawl almost immediately when brought into light.

Flights have been observed as early as 6:30 A.M. (still air
temperature in this particular case was 18.0° C.) when the sun

APRIT., 1Q4.E]

HARE— LTPOPTENA DEPRESfiA

55

was one hour above the horizon. The volants are also active on
days with low fog, temperature permitting. The coolest condi-
tions under which volants were seen flying, were recorded on
December 1, 1943. From 1:20 P.M. to 2:30 P.M. the shade air
temperature was 12.7—13.0° C. while the sunny air temperature
was 18.5-23.0° C. Six volants were caught alighting on my body
during this time. On another occasion, flight was slow and
clumsy at 14-17° C., on a day with a low fog, which excluded
the possibility of a warming effect by direct sunlight. The flies
were seen to vibrate their wings several times before taking off
in flight. This does not happen on warmer days, and suggests
that under the cooler conditions, it is necessary for the volants
to raise the internal temperature for proper function of the flight
muscles, as pointed out by Wigglesworth (1939, p. 90) for other
insects.

Optimum range of temperature for flight under field condi-
tions appears to be 18-24° C. When the shade air temperature
exceeds 25° C. the number of flies appearing at the forest edge
decreases, as compared with average numbers caught on cooler
days. The few flies present tend to remain in the deep shade,
where they continue flying and resting activities. A similar type
of reaction has been described for Glossina morsitans by Jack
and Williams (1937) who found that as the temperature rises
above 32° C. the response to light changes from photopositive
to photonegative. They also showed that lowering the humidity
lowers the threshold for this change in photic response.

Volants continue to make short flights throughout the day,
frequently alighting on trunks and branches of trees, foliage and
grass, where they rest briefly, and fly off again. One receives the
impression of almost constant activity on the part of the flies.
This restless behavior continues when the volants are put into
dry collecting vials, where rapid crawling and flying still occur.
Only with the coming of darkness and a drop in temperature
does volant activity cease. Those flies surviving a longer period
of starvation remain inactive on vegetation for the night and
resume the search for a host the following day.

Cowan (1943) kept seven newly emerged volants of L. dep-
ressa over damp sand at room temperature. The maximum period
of survival was 72 hours, average 57 hours. I have conducted

56

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

numerous survival experiments with reared as well as wild
volants, and a brief summary of results will be given.

Volants of L. depressa lived from one to eight days after
emergence from the puparium. The maximum survival was ob-
tained Avith a group of reared flies emerging from normal puparia
collected from captive deer. A total of twenty emergents were
kept in small (20x6 mm.) vials plugged with cotton, in normal
laboratory daylight, at room temperature and humidity: 50 per
cent mortality at 4% days, maximum survival, 1 fly 8 days.
Wild caught volants, kept at 84 per cent relative humidity and
22.0-22.8° C. lived up to 3 Yz days, 50 per cent mortality at 1%
days, when kept under daylight conditions; when kept in dark
cabinet, other conditions same, wild volants lived up to 6 days,
50 per cent mortality at 3% days. At 98 per cent R. H. and
16-19° C. wild volants lived up to 6 days, 50 per cent mortality
at 4 days, when kept in dark cabinet. Lowering the humidity in-
creases the mortality rate and shortens the maximum survival
time. At room temperature and humidity, 75 per cent of wild
volants kept in large glass jars die the first day. Factors which
decrease the activities of the flies, hence the energy expended,
tend to increase the maximum survival time and to lower the
mortality rate. Such factors include: limiting the space for walk-
ing and flying, cutting down or excluding light, and lowering
the temperature. A similar relationship was found for Pseudo-
lynchia canariensis (Macq.) [ P . maura (Bigot) ] by Prouty and
Coatney (1934), where longevity without food was 77-109 hours
in direct proportion to the energy used up in activity.

Under natural conditions, the volant L. depressa may be ex-
pected to live and remain active for one to four days. Rearing
experiments with captive deer indicate that 50 per cent of those
volants still fairly active 4 days after emergence, can successfully
establish on the host. One-day-old flies are 75 per cent successful.

Literature Cited

Bequaert, J.

1937. Notes on Hippoboscidae. 5. The American species of
Lipoptena. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 32:91-101.

1942. A Monograph of the Melophaginae or Kedflies of sheep,
goats, deer and antelopes. Ent. Amer. 22:1-220.

APRIL, 1945 ]

II A It

LIPOrTENA DI^PRESSA

57

Cowan, I. McT.

1936. Distribution and Variation in Deer ( Odocoileus ) of the
Pacific Coastal Region of North America. Calif. Fish
and Game, 22:155-246.

1943. Notes on the Life History and Morphology of Cephen-
omyia jellisoni Townsend and Lipoptena depressa Say.
Canad. Journ. Res. 21:171-187.

Dixon, J. S.

1934. A study of the life history and food habits of Mule
Deer in California. Calif. Fish and Game, 20:181-282,
315-354.

Fiske, W. F.

1920. Investigations into the Bionomics of Glossina palpalis.
Bull. Ent. Res. 10:347-463.

Grinnell, J.

1935. A revised life-zone map of California. Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool. 40:327-330.

Jack, R. W. and W. L, Williams

1937. The effect of temperature on the reaction of Glossina
morsitans Westw. to light. Bull. Ent. Res. 28:499-503.

Jackson, C. H. N.

1941. Economy of a tsetse fly ( G . morsitans ) population.
Bull. Ent. Res. 32:53-55.

Kinghorn, A.

1911. Report on Human Trypanosomiasis in Ashanti (ms.).
Bull. Sleeping Sickness Bur. 3:133. quoted in Newstead,
1924.

Newstead, R., A. Evans and W. H. Potts

1924. Guide to the study of Tsetse flies. Memoir (N.S.) no. 1,
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, 332 pp.

Prouty, M. J. and G. R. Coatney

1934. Further studies on the biology of Pseudolynchia maura
(Bigot). Parasitology, 26:249-258.

SCHROEDER, G.

1911. Beitrage zur Dipteren-Fauna Pommerns. Stett. Ent.
Ztg., 72:367.

SCHWETZ, J.

1918. A comparative study of the habits of Glossina brevi-
palpis Newstead, G. fusca Westw., and G. pallidipes
Austen, in the Belgian Congo. Ann. Trop. Med. Paras.
11:365-398.

Spencer, G. J.

1939. Ectoparasites of Deer in British Columbia. Proc. Ent.
Soc. Brit. Columbia. 35:15-19.

SWYNNERTON, C. F. M.

1936. The Tsetse Flies of East Africa. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc.
London, 84:1-579.

WlGGLESWORTH, V. B.

1939. Principles of Insect Physiology. E. P. Dutton and Co.,
New York.

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

FIVE NEW SPECIES OF ALEYRODIDAE FROM

CALIFORNIA

(Homoptera)

BY W. W. SAMPSON
University of California, Berkeley

Among the Aleyrodidae collected by the writer in California
are five species whose characters do not resemble those of other
described forms. These apparently new species are described
herein. Holotypes and certain paratypes will be deposited in the
California Academy of Sciences.

Fig. 1. Aleyrodes osmaroniae Sampson. A, pupal case. B, vasi-
form orifice. C, margin of case.

Genus Aleyrodes Latreille, 1810

Aleyrodes osmaroniae Sampson, new species

(Fig. 1)

Pupal case. Size 1.28 mm. long by 0.97 mm. wide; shape broadly
elliptical; margin slightly irregular, chitinized for a width of
0.35 mm.; behind the chitinized margin there occurs for some
distance groups of dotted areas; vasiform orifice subcordate and
striated, the posterior margin pointed, operculum roundly trape-

AI-KIL, 1945]

SAMrSON ALEYEODIDAE

59

zoidal, setose, lingular three-quarters the length of orifice, the two
setae projecting beyond the margin of the orifice; caudal margin
of body slightly indented and bearing two setae.

Color of case bright lemon yellow; without wax secretion.

Adults. N ot known.

Collected by the writer from Osmaronia cerasiformia in
Strawberry Creek Canyon, on the Campus of the University of
California, Berkeley, California, June 14, 1941, along with
A. spiraeoides (Q.) from the underside of the leaf.

This species differs essentially from Aleyrodes spiraeoides
(Quaintance) by having the chitinized margin.

Fig. 2. Tetralicia ceanothi Sampson. A, pupal case. B, vasi-
form orifice. C, margin of case. D, apparent margin of case.

Genus Tetralicia Harrison, 1917

Tetralicia ceanothi Sampson, new species

(Fig. 2)

Pupal case. Size 0.623 mm. long by 0.540 mm. wide; shape
broadly ovate, narrowing posteriorly; margin toothed, eight teeth
in 0.0783 mm. wax tubes well developed; deflexed portion of case
about one-fourth the width of case, 0.0703 mm. wide; apparent
margin bears bidentate projections, which are the two rows of
imbrications running over the edge to the deflexed portion; there
are about 88 of these double rows of imbrications, which extend
from the edges of the faintly indicated body segments to the
margin; a few single imbrications are scattered over the dorsum;
thoracic transverse slit not reaching apparent edge of body; vasi-
form orifice subcordate, set in a roundly rectangular, chitinized
area; operculum subcordate, nearly filling orifices; lingula hidden;

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

posterior prolongation slightly developed, bearing two long setae.

Case black, resting on a small amorphous mass of wax.

Adults. Not known.

Collected by Nathan Stahler and Thomas Kelly from Cean-
othus cuniatus near Bishop, California, March 29, 1940.

This species is related to Tetralicia nigrans (Bemis), but dif-
fers essentially from it by having the wide chitinized area around
the vasiform orifice and by having imbrications on the dorsum.

Fig. 3. Tetralicia sierrae Sampson. A, pupal case. B, vasi-
form orifice. C, margin of case. D, apparent margin of case.

Tetralicia sierrae Sampson, new species
(Fig. 3)

Pupal case. Size 0.820 mm. long by 0.450 mm. wide; shape
elliptical; margin toothed, four teeth in 0.117 mm.; deflexed por-
tion of case about one-third the width of case, 0.0783 mm. wide;
apparent margin bearing bidentate projections with a smaller one
in between each, the projections being the appearance of double
rows of granules on the edge of the deflexed portion; the granules
are lacking in the medium line of the dorsum; thoracic transverse
slit reaching edge of apparent margin; vasiform orifice cordate,
raised, slightly longer than wide; operculum, cordate, filling ori-
fice; lingula hidden; posterior prolongation well developed, bearing
two long setae.

Gase black, with a thin fringe of wax.

Adults. Not known.

Collected by the writer from an undetermined, low spreading
shrub at Truckee, California, June 25, 1940.

This species is related to T . ceanothi, but differs essentially
from it by having the case granulate and by not having the wide
chitinized area around the vasiform orifice.

Ai'iUL, 1945]

SAMrSON ALEYRODIDAE

61

Genus Trialeurodes Cockerell, 1902
Trialeurodes califomiensis Sampson, new species

(Fig. 4)

Pupal case. Size 1.07 mm. long by 0.74 mm. wide; shape broadly
elliptical; margin entire, slightly irregular, with a few faint folds
behind it; a single row of long pointed papillae lie behind the
margin, nine in 0.16 mm.; behind the papillae are one or two rows
of tiny clear pores, some of which are doubled, the same type of
pores occur along each side of the abdominal ridge, one to each
segment, and another row further out, as well as a few on the

Fig. 4. Trialeurodes califomiensis Sampson. A, pupal case.
B, vasiform orifice. C, margin of case.

thorax; vasiform orifice subcordate; operculum rounded, filling
about half of the orifice; lingula trilobed on each side, without
setae nearly reaching to posterior margin of orifice; caudal furrow
indicated; two pairs of hairs are located on the posterior margin.

Case black, with a fringe of wax up to one-half the width of
case, dorsum without wax; case slightly elevated above wax
fringe. Appears very much like immature forms of Tetraleurodes
stanfordi ( B emis ) .

Adults. Not known.

Collected by Dr. M. A. Cazier at Guerneville, California,
March 15, 1939, and at Antioch, California, by E. A. Drews
and by W. W. Sampson, April 8, 1940, from Quercus sp.

This species differs essentially from Trialeurodes wellmanae

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

(Bemis) by being black and lacking the large semi-transparent
areas on the cephalo -thorax.

Trialeurodes drewsi Sampson, new species

(Fig. 5)

Pupal case. Size 0.78 mm. long by 0.48 mm. wide; shape nar-
rowly elliptical; margin regularly crenulate, five crenulations in
0.157 mm.; an irregular row of small papillae occurs behind the
margin, along with a few larger in size but fewer in number;
dorsum bearing about nine pairs of stomata-like pores on the
central portion, and two pairs of small papillae toward the lateral
ends of the transverse thoracic slit and a larger pair on the
cephalo-thorax ; vasiform orifice subcordate, ribbed; operculum

Fig. 5. Trialeurodes drewsi Sampson. A, pupal case. B, vasi-
form orifice. C, margin of case. D, stomata-like pore.

elongately trapezoidal, narrowing posteriorly, filling slightly more
than half of the orifice; lingula nearly reaching the edge of orifice,
trilobed on each side, and without setae; two setae much longer
than the vasiform orifice occur near the orifice, and two near the
caudal margin of the case.

Case black, greatly elevated on a palisade of white wax; dorsum
covered with a layer of clear wax bearing numerous spines of
clear wax.

Adults. Not known.

Collected by the writer from Quercus sp. at Mt. Tamalpais,
Marin County, California, March 16, 1941.

This species is related to Trialeurodes tentaculatus (Bemis),
from which it differs by being black in color and having the
stomata-like pores.

APRIL,, 1945 ]

SEBV£RS TKIC.HOrS.E.NIINAIS

63

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF TRICHOPSENIINAE
FROM AMERICAN AND AUSTRALIAN TERMITE NESTS

(Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)

BY CHARLES H. SEEVERS

Research Associate, Chicago Natural History Museum

The staphylinid beetles of the subfamily Trichopseniinae con-
stitute a small but very interesting element of the alien insect
fauna inhabiting termite ' colonies. Among the termitophilus
beetles they are notable chiefly because of their association with
the more primitive termites, and for their wide geographic range
which includes both hemispheres. The great majority of groups
of termitophilous insects are restricted to one hemisphere or the
other, but the thirteen known Trichopseniine species were found
in Argentina, British Guiana, the United States, Java, Sumatra,
and Australia.

The intent of this paper is to describe the new forms which
have been acquired since an earlier report 1 in which I proposed
that the Trichopseniinae be given subfamily status because of
their distinctive metasternal structure, hind-leg articulation, and
male genitalia.

The most noteworthy addition to the subfamily is its first
Australian representative, the bizarre genus, Mastopsenius. The
peculiar facies of Mastopsenius scarcely indicates relationship to
Trichopsenius, but this is in line with the subfamily tendency for
each genus to develop its own distinctive habitus. The diversity
within the group is more apparent than real for in most respects
the basic morphological features are rather similar. The host
relationship of Mastopsenius is especially interesting, for its
host, Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt, is the most primitive
of present-day termites, and sole living representative of the
family Mastotermitidae, while the other Trichopseniinae are
guests of the Rhinotermitidae.

With more material available for study, it is now evident that
the North American genus Trichopsenius is comprised of at least

1 Seevers, C. H. 1941. Taxonomic investigations of some termitophilous Sta-
phylinidae of the subfamilies Aleocharinae and Trichopseniinae (new subfamily).
Ann. Ent. Soc, Amer., 34 :318-349, 3 pi.

54 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXI, NO. 2

four species instead of one. The literature records Trichopsenius
depressus Leconte as ranging from Massachusetts to California,
but closer study shows that all of the specimens are not con-
specific. It is clear, also, that some degree of host specificity
exists, and that each species of Trichopsenius is restricted to one
or a few species of Reticulitermes.

The staphylinid beetle, Schizelythron javanicum Kemner * 2 ,
collected from the nest of Schedorhinotermes javanicus Kemner,
at Buitenzorg, Java, should be included in the Trichop seniinae
rather than in the Aleocharinae where placed by Scheerpeltz 3 .
Although I have not seen this species, I have no doubt of its re-
lationships; the distinctive Trichopseniine metasternal and hind-
leg characters are plainly evident in Kemner’s illustrations.
Schizelythron derives its name from a remarkable character ;
each elytron is split lengthwise from near the base to the apex,
and the lateral half diverges strongly from the medial part.

I am very grateful to Dr. A. E. Emerson for determining the
host termites cited in the paper, and to the following men for the
gift of specimens or for arranging loans: Dr. R. E. Blackwelder
of the United States National Museum, Dr. M. F. Day, Dr. Emer-
son, Mr. C. A. Frost, and Dr. M. W. Sanderson of the Illinois
Natural History Survey.

Mastopsenius Seevers, new genus

Body robust, fusiform; sparsely setose; head moderately de-
flexed, compressed; clypeus very short; antennae elongated, an-
tennomeres 3-9 campanulate; eyes large; gula sclerotized; mentum
strongly transverse, sides rounded, apex emarginate; ligula bifid;
labial palpi 3-segmented (third segment bearing a tiny spicule),
its second segment elongated and with sides subparallel, the slen-
der third segment articulating with its apex; maxillary palpi 4-
segmented, the slender second segment increasing uniformly in
width distally, the fourth segment narrowly conical, without a
terminal spicule.

Pronotum robust, strongly transverse, anterior and lateral bor-
ders margined, basal border margined only along outer one-fourth;
surface of pronotum strongly deflexed at base (medially) forming
a conspicuous posterior “face” of the pronotum; elytra narrower
than pronotum, sides and apical margin uniformly rounded, apical

- Kemner, N. A. 1925. Javanische termitophilen I : Schizelythron javanicus
n. g., n. sp., eine neue physogastric Staphylinide von einem neuen, nicht zu den

Aleochariden gehorigen Typus, nebst biologischen Bemerkungen uber Jacobsonella
termitobia Silv. Ent. Tidskr., 46:107-126, 1 pi.

3 Scheerpeltz, O. 1934. Staphylinidae VIII. Coleopt. Cat. 130 : 1501-1881.

APRIL, 1S>45 J

SEEVEBS 'i'«X<Jl±0±*SI£;jMIlJMA£}

65

angles obsolete; wings present; prosternum broadly tuberculate
medially; mesosternum large, with a slender carinate process
meeting a similar process of the metasternum between the middle
coxae; metasternum relatively short caudad of the middle coxal
cavities, and relatively narrow, its width from median line to side
margin scarcely greater than the width of the large metepister-
num; metasternal lobe only moderately large, approximating the
size of the posterior trochanter.

Mesothorax, metathorax, and the basal abdominal segments
greatly swollen; abdomen conical, its sclerites frequently separ-
ated, exposing white membranous areas; paratergites absent; lat-
eral plates of ninth segment stout, cylindrical.

Legs moderately stout; tibiae with a few terminal spines;
tarsi 5-segmented, basal tarsomere of middle and hind legs greatly
elongated.

Genotype. Mastopsenius australis n. sp.

The position of Mastopsenius within the subfamily is not clear
at this time. Recognition of the genus should offer no difficulty
in view of its distinctive form, its antennal, pronotal, and elytral
peculiarities, and its host relationship.

Mastopsenius australis Seevers, new species

(Figs. 1,2)

Head brown; antennomeres 1-3 flavotestaceus, 4-10 with basal
one-third black and remainder brown; pronotum dull to shining
black, with a median reddish area; elytra piceus to dark brown;
abdominal sclerites bright reddish-brown, lateral plates of ninth
segment dark brown; legs brown, coxae, trochanters and femora
with dusky margins. Head with a pair of bristles on vertex be-
tween antennae and one on clypeal margin in front of antennal
fossa; pronotum with four transverse, irregular rows of approxi-
mately ten fine hairs; elytra also bearing four highly irregular
rows of fine hairs; abdominal sclerites sparsely and uniformly
clothed with fine, erect hairs. First antennomere strongly clavate
(its medial surface concave), three times as long as the second
segment, segments 3-4 subequal in length, segments 5-7 a trifle
longer, 8-10 decreasing in length, apical segment longer than
penultimate. Anterior tibia with terminal ring of uneven spines
(8-10) ; middle tibia with four terminal spines and several spi-
nules; hind femur and tibia subequal in length, tibia more slender,
increasing in width from base to apex; bearing one stout apical
spine medially and six or so spinules; basal tarsomeres of pro-
thoracic leg decreasing in length, fifth equal to three preceding
segments; basal tarsomere of mesothoracic leg three-fourths as
long as tarsomeres 2-5, fifth a little shorter than 2-4; basal tarso-

66

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

mere of metathoracic leg longer than segments 2-5, fifth a trifle
longer than 3-4 combined. Length, 5. 5-6. 2 mm.; width, 2.5 mm.

Holotype. A male from Townsville, Queensland, Austra-
lia; collected June 1, 1938, by Dr. M. F. Day; in the collection
of the writer. Paratypes. Two males, same data as the type; in
the collection of A. E. Emerson and the writer. Host. Masto-
termes darwiniensis Froggatt.

Megaxenistusa Seevers, new genus

Body cylindrical, sparsely setose; head deflexed, strongly com-
pressed; clypeus extremely short; antennae inserted medial to the
eye, antennal fossa separated from anterior tentorial pit by a dis-
tance equal to length of fossa; labrum feebly sclerotized at base,
apical margin produced at middle; eyes large; antenna with broad
flat scape (its medial surface concave) and with segments 2-10
subcylindrical ; gula sclerotized; mentum trapezoidal, sides con-
verging strongly; labial palpi 3-segmented (third segment with a
tiny spicule), second segment asymmetrical, strongly compressed;
maxillary palpi 4-segmented (fourth segment with spicule), long
and slender, second segment arcuate, third fusiform, fourth conical.

Pronotum robust, transverse, surface depressed on each side of
disc, not margined; elytra as broad as pronotum and longer, sur-
face somewhat irregular, with broad shallow impressions, sutural
margins not bevelled to form a median groove; wings present;
mesosternum short; mesocoxae separated by carinate processes of
mesosternum and metasternum; metasternum relatively short and
broad; metasternal length (caudad of mesocoxal depressions)
seven-tenths the distance from median line to the metepisternum
(along the posterior margin) ; sides of metasternum strongly ob-
lique (with respect to the horizontal plane) ; metasternal lobes
moderate in size, not much larger than posterior trochanters;
metepisternum large, four-fifths as broad (at caudal margin) as
long. Abdomen stout, cylindrical ; panatergites absent. Femora
broad, compressed; tibia somewhat less so, sparsely spinose at
apex; tarsi 5-segmented, basal tarsomere of middle and hind legs
extrem'ely long, exceeding the remainder of the tarsus in length.

Genotype. Megaxenistusa rhinotermitis n. sp.

Megaxenistusa bears a general resemblance to Xenistusa Le-
conte (Florida to Texas) , to which it is probably most closely
allied, and from which it differs in these particulars: sutural
margins of elytra not bevelled to form a v-shaped groove; meta-
sternum short and broad (median length: distance from median
line to side margin :: 7:10), in Xenistusa long and narrow
(14:10) ; metepisternum four-fifths as broad as long, in Xeni -

APRIL, 1945 ]

SEEVKItS

67

Explanation of Plate

Fig. 1 . Mastopsenius australis n. sp., lateral view.

Fig. 2. Mastopsenius australis n. sp., dorsal view.

Fig. 3. Trichopsenius xenoflavipes n. sp., dorsal view.

Fig. 4. Trichopsenius depressus Leconte, seventh and eighth ter-
gites of female.

Fig. 5. Trichopsenius frosti n. sp., seventh and eighth tergites
of female.

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

stusa one-third as broad as long; metasternal lobe larger than
posterior trochanters and nearly as broad as long, in Xenistusa
smaller than trochanters and one-third as broad as long.

Megaxenistusa rhinotermitis Seevers, new species

Color reddish-brown, elytra and areas of pronotum darker;
head with a pair of frontal and four clypeal bristles; pronotum
with four bristles on anterior margin, a subhumeral seta, and
four longitudinal rows on each half of the pronotum (a discal
row of four, a row of three in the depressed area, a row of two
lateral to the impression, and marginal row of three) ; elytra with
five or six longitudinal rows of sparse hairs; abdomen sparsely
and regularly setose (most of the setae are short, but there are
scattered longer hairs and marginal rows of long bristles). An-
tennal scape broad, compressed, medial surface concave; second
segment short, segments 3-6 subequal, longer than broad, 7-10
decreasing in length and becoming broader, apical segment small,
as long as tenth but narrower. Pronotum with a large oval depres-
sion lateral to the disc, extending from base to a point about two-
thirds the distance to apex; anterior margin arcuate, sides arcu-
ate, converging moderately in front, base bisinuate. Tibiae with
one or two apical spines, with irregular rows of long bristles on
outer margin and with a brush of stiff hairs on the medial border ;
anterior tarsi having four basal tarsomeres subequal, fifth equal
to 3-4 combined; middle tarsi with first tarsomere equal to others
combined; hind tarsi with first tarsomere longer than the others.
Length, 3 mm.

Holotype. A female from Kartabo, British Guiana; col-
lected August 1, 1924, by A. E. Emerson; in the collection of the
writer. Host. Rhinotermes marginalis L.

Trichopsenius Horn

Trichopsenius Horn, 1877, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 6:88.

Seevers, 1941, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 34:323.

A generic diagnosis was given by the writer in the paper
cited above, and need not be repeated here. The following key
to the species is based largely on characters of the females, but
this should offer little difficulty as both sexes are almost always
collected from a termite colony:

APRIL, 104.5]

SEEVERS—' TmCHOPftTVNTTN AE

60

1. Posterior tibiae with two rows of very long, curved bristles.

longipes Seevers

— . Posterior tibiae with scattered, relatively short bristles 2

2. Eighth tergite of female not incised xenoflavipes Seevers

Eighth tergite of female with apical incision 3

3. Eighth tergite of female carinate laterally; elytral setae about

one-fourth as long as elytra depressus Leconte

— . Eighth tergite of female not carinate; elytral setae about one-
half as long as elytra ..frosti Seevers

Trichopsenius depressus Leconte
(Fig. 4)

Hypocyptus depressus Leconte, 1863, Smithsn. Misc. Coll., 6:30.
Trichopsenius depressus, Horn, 1877, Tran. Amer. Ent. Soc.,
6 : 88 .

Color testaceus; head with two bristles on vertex and two on
clypeal margin; pronotum with six hairs forming a hexagon on
disc, a group of three lateral to disc, a subapical, irregular row of
six or so, five or six on the lateral margin, and a basal row of
about eight; elytra with three irregular transverse rows of about
five bristles; tergites with apical rows of long bristles interspersed
with short setae. Antennomeres 3-4 (of both sexes) longer than
wide, 5-6 about equal in length and width, 7-10 transverse. Ante-
rior margin of pronotum feebly emarginate medially.

Female. Seventh tergite somewhat produced, angulate medially,
each half of apical margin almost straight (obliquely) ; eighth
tergite notched medially, elevated laterally to form a strong semi-
circular carina on each side; lateral plates of ninth segment broad,
compressed, rounded at apex, rather spatulate. Male. Seventh
tergite feebly angulate medially, each half of posterior margin
almost straight; eighth tergite arcuate, apex rounded, but the
converging sides form approximately a right angle; distal end of
lateral lobe of aedeagus very slender.

Legs relatively short. Prothoracic leg: entire, .55 mm., femur,
.25 mm., tibia, .17 mm., tarsus, .14 mm. Mesothoracic leg: entire,
.72 mm., femur, .28 mm., tibia, .22 mm., tarsus, .23 mm. Meta-
thoracic leg: entire, .85 mm. - .91 mm., femur, .26 - .3 mm., tibia,
.26 mm., tarsus, .32 - .35 mm.

Length, 1-1.5 mm.

Type locality. Louisiana. Material examined. Florida:
Gainesville, Jacksonville. Tennessee: Memphis. Hosts. Reticuli-
termes hageni Banks (Florida) ; R. virginicus Hagen (Tennes-
see) . The latter is doubtful because of limited host material.

It is now evident that this species does not range from coast
to coast but is more restricted, probably to the southeastern states.

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

Trichop senius xenoflavipes Seevers, new species

(Fig. 3)

Color testaceus; chaetotaxy as in depressus, but the bristles of
the elytra and abdomen one-third longer, the elytral bristles being
about one-half as long as elytra; antennomeres 3-7 of male longer
than wide, 8-10 feebly transverse; antennomeres 3-6 of female
longer than wide, 7-10 transverse, a little broader than in the
male; anterior margin of pronotum without medial emargination.

Female. Seventh tergite evenly arcuate, eighth tergite arcuate,
not notched, lateral plates of ninth segment slender, tapering to a
very acute apex. Legs as in depressus. Length, 1.-1.5 mm.

Holotype. A female from the vicinity of Wyandotte Cave,
Crawford County, Indiana; collected June, 18, 1936, by A. E.
Emerson and C. H. Seevers; in the collection of the writer.
Allotype. A male, same data as the type; in the writer’s collec-
tion. Paratypes. Indiana: 1 female, 1 male, same data as the
type. Illinois: 1 female, Olney, Richland County, collected by
A. E. Emerson, June 8, 1934; 5 females, 5 males, Urbana, Cham-
paign County, collected October 17, 1941, by B. G. Berger; 47
females, 57 males, Springfield, Sangamon County, collected Oc-
tober 5, 1943, by B. G. Berger. Paratypes in the collections of
the Illinois State Natural History Survey (95) , A. E. Emerson
(4), and the writer (18). Host. Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar.

The females are readily distinguished from depressus by the
simple seventh and eighth tergites. Both sexes differ in posses-
sing somewhat longer dorsal bristles.

This species has always been found in the galleries of Reti-
culitermes flavipes but the records are not numerous enough to
do more than suggest host specificity. We have no idea of the
extent of the range of xenoflavipes; its host is a widespread
species known from Massachusetts to Vera Cruz in Mexico, but
this is scarcely indicative, for xenoflavipes appears to be re-
placed by frosti n. sp. in the eastern states.

Trichop senius frosti Seevers, new species

(Fig. 5)

Color testaceus; chaetotaxy as in depressus, but the bristles of
the elytra and abdomen one-third longer. Antennae, pronotum,
and legs as in depressus.

APRIL, 1945 ]

SEEVERS- — TRICIIOrSENIINAE

71

Female. Seventh tergite very feebly arcuate, faintly sinuate
each side of middle; eighth tergite with a rather broad, deep in-
cision, but otherwise unmodified. Male. Seventh tergite moder-
ately and uniformly arcuate; eighth tergite broadly and obtusely
arcuate; the blade-like distal end of the lateral lobe of the aedea-
gus rather stout. Length, 1.25 mm.

Holotype. A female from Sherborn, Massachusetts; col-
lected May 18, 1913, by C. A. Frost; in the collection of the
writer. Allotype. A male from Sherborn, Massachusetts; col-
lected May 7, 1911, by C. A. Frost; in the writer’s collection.
Paratypes. Two males, one female, same locality, collected May 2,
1915, by C. A. Frost; in the collections of C. A. Frost and the
writer. Host. Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar(?).

Both sexes may be distinguished from depressus by the ab-
dominal characters given above.

The host termites were not available for identification, but in
view of the fact that Reticulitermes flavipes is the only termite
species known to occur in Massachusetts, there can be little doubt
on this point.

Trichopsenius longipes Seevers, new species

Color flavotestaceus ; chaetotaxy as in depressus', anterior mar-
gin of pronotum bisinuate, feebly arcuate medially, slightly emar-
ginate on each side. Abdomen moderately physogastric; uniformly
swollen, the sides scarcely converging posteriorly.

Female. Seventh and eighth tergites simple; lateral plates of
ninth segment rather slender, apex acute. Tibiae with two rows of
long, fine, curved bristles, those of metathoracic legs much longer.
Legs relatively long. Prothoracic leg: entire, .65 mm., femur,
.27 - .3 mm., tibia, .21 mm., tarsus, .17 mm. Mesothoracic leg: en-
tire, .92 mm., femur, .35 mm., tibia, .30 mm., tarsus, .29 mm.
Metathoracic leg: entire, 1.1 mm., femur, .35 mm., tibia, .35 mm.,
tarsus, .44 mm.

Length, 1.9 mm. (Utah) -2.8 mm. (California).

Holotype. From Skull Valley, Tooele County, Utah;
collected April 9, 1938, by D. E. Hardy; in the collection of the
United States National Museum. Paratypes. Two specimens,
same data as the type; in the collections of the United States
National Museum and the writer. Other material examined. Two
males, one female, from San Antonio Canyon, near Camp Baldy,
San Bernardino County, California; collected March 27, 1932,
by T. Craig. Hosts. Reticulitermes sp. (Utah) ; Reticulitermes
hesperus Banks (California).

72

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

This species differs from those of the eastern states in being
physogastric, i.e., in having its abdomen enlarged and the mem-
branous areas exposed. This condition is not very evident in the
type specimens due probably to excessive shrinkage during the
mounting of them on points. The California examples, received
in alcohol, exhibit the condition to a fairly marked degree. This
incipient physogastry is interesting in view of the fact that it is
such a common feature of termitophiles.

The long tibial bristles, the bisinuate pronotal margin, and
the relatively long legs are distinctive features of longipes. The
legs of the eastern species are on the average only about four-
fifths as long as those of longipes. The female abdominal char-
acters are, in general, similar to those of xenoflavipes, but the
dorsal bristles are short as in depressus.

The host of the type specimens could not be identified because
only the worker caste of Reticulitermes accompanies them. Since
Reticulitermes hesperus, the host of the California examples, is
not known to occur in the Utah desert region, it is doubtful if it
is their host. From available records, Reticulitermes tibialis
Banks seems to be only possibility.

OREGON CHR Y SOMELID AE

BY KENNETH M. FENDER
McMinnville, Oregon

The author has in his collection a number of Chrysomelid
beetles that are not listed by Hatch & Beller 1 or found in the
additions by Malkin 2 . Some of these have been determined by
C. A. Frost, L. G. Gentner and Ralph Hopping. Others the author
has determined from the available literature. These determiners
will be designated by the following numbers: Frost (1), Gent-
ner (2), Hopping (3), and Fender (4).

15233. Zeugophora varians Cr. (4), Dayton.

15286.C. Saxinis saucia calif ornica Schffr. (4), Bear Springs,
Wapinitia Cut-off.

15323. Pachybrachys donneri Cr. (4), Durkee; Wallowa Lake.

15521. Diachus aeruginosas Lee. (4), Boyer, Salmon River
Cut-off.

15604. Adoxus obscurus (L.), (4), Boyer, Salmon River Cut-
off.

15624. Colaspidea varicolor Lee. (1), Medford.

1 Pan-Pac. Ent., 8:102-108, 1932.

2 Pan-Pac. Ent., 19:74, 1943.

APRIL, 1945 ]

fender — Oregon GMRvsoMEvm^E

73

15697. Phaedon armoraciae (L.), (4), Bear Springs, Wapi-
nitia Cut-off.

15698. Phaedon ovifo'rmis (Lee.), (1), Neotsu.

21359. Phaedon niger Hatch, (4), Forest Grove.

21360. Phaedon carri Hatch, (1), Woods

. Phaedon punctatns Hatch, (4), Bear Springs, Wapi-

nitia Cut-off.

. Monoxia angularis (Lee.), (3), McMinnville.

15826. ? Luperus mornlus (Lee.), Durkee.

22008. Lnperus pallipes (B. & H.), (4), Medford; Bear

Springs, Wapinitia Cut-off.

15900. Disonycha maritima (Mann.), (2), Corvallis.

15973. Orestioides robnsta (Lee.), (1), Elk Lake, Santiam
National Forest; Bear Springs, Wapinitia Cut-off.

22021. Hippuriphila equiseti (B. & H.), (2), Baker Creek Val-
ley, Yamhill County; Gardiner.

15986. Epitrix parvula (Fab.), (2), McMinnville.

16010. Chaetocnema opulenta Horn, (2), Bear Springs, Wapi-
nitia Cut-off.

16016. Chaetocnema confinis Cr., (2), McMinnville.

16063. Glyptina atriventris Horn, (2), Bear Springs, Wapi-
nitia Cut-off; McMinnville.

21398. Phyllotreta columbianus Chitt., (2), McMinnville;
Baker Creek Valley, Yamhill County; Devils Lake.

21401. Phyllotreta inconspicua Chitt, (2), McMinnville.

16099. Anisostena perspicua Horn, (3), Portland.

16117. Brachycoryna horni Weise, (3), Maupin.

The author has also taken specimens of three genera that have
not been previously recorded from the state. These have not as
yet been determined as to species. The first is a Coscinoptera
collected at Durkee. The next belongs to Exema and is from
Union and near Sisters. The last is an Oedionychis that Mr.
Gentner seems to think may be new. A small series of this was
taken at Bear Springs, Wapinitia Cut-off.

Dr. Hatch listed 93 species and varieties recorded from the
state and ten species and two varieties probably occurring in the
state, giving a total 105 species and varieties which he estimated
probably represented 90 per cent of the Chrysomelidae of the
state. Five of the names in this list are among those noted by
Dr. Hatch as probably occurring in the state. Mr. Malkin has
added 10 more names to the list which, with the 20 new names
recorded here, brings the number of species and varieties occur-
ring in Oregon to 135, not including the three new genera noted.
I am inclined to think that this number does not represent more
than 80 per cent of the species and varieties of Oregon.

74

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

NOTES ON THE SYNONYMY, NYMPHS AND DISTRIBU-
TION OF HETEROPSYLLA TEXANA CRAWFORD

(Homoptera, Psyllidae)

BY D. D. JENSEN

Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Hawaii

Synonymy

Van Dnzee (1923) described as Aphalara mera a species of
psyllid which had been collected in Lower California by the 1921
Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of
California. Examination by the writer of specimens from this
series, in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences,
has revealed that the species involved is Heteropsylla texana
Crawford. This distinctive species, which is the genotype of
Heteropsylla , was described by Crawford (1914) from numer-
ous adults taken on eight different plant species in Texas, Ari-
zona, Colorado and Kansas. The specimens collected in Lower
California by Van Duzee show no differences in structure which
would permit their separation from H. texana.

Caldwell (1941) correctly inferred from Van Duzee’s descrip-
tion of Aphalara mera that the species could not be referred to
Aphalara because of the conspicuous pterostigma. Since he had
not had the opportunity of seeing Van Duzee’s specimens, he
placed mera tentatively in the genus Paurocephala which is
closely related to Heteropsylla.

On the basis of the facts discussed above, the names Aphalara
mera Van Duzee and Paurocephala mera (Van Duzee) must be
considered synonyms of Heteropsylla texana Crawford.

Nymphs

Except for a record by Klyver (1931) of two nymphs taken
on Prosopia glandulosa {=P. chilensis) , the literature contains
no information on the immature stages of texana. Collections
and observations made by the writer now permit the following
description of the nymph and of its feeding site on the host plant.

The body outline of texana nymphs is of the psylliine type as
defined by Ferris (1925). In this group the front wing pads

APRIL, 1945 j

JilIJMSUJS HETISKO.E’S YLLA TJEXANA

75

project prominently from the contour of the body and are not
produced cephalad at the humeral angle. The last instar nymphs
are 2 mm. in length, naked, greenish to greenish-yellow in gen-
eral color. The antennae are long, reaching to the apex of the
wing pads, brown to black apically and on the distal portion of
each segment except the basal two. The dorsum is predominantly
membranous with the posterior portion of the abdomen, the wing
pads, and the head, except the median region, sclerotized. In
outline the abdomen is distinctive, being truncate apically and
sharply notched laterally at the base of the two dagger-like setae
produced on each side from the margin of the sclerotic area.
Four similar setae extend caudad from the truncate margin, one
from each postero-lateral angle and one on each side of the
median line midway to the postero-lateral angle. A second type
of setae, wedge-shaped and apically rounded, occurs on the body
margin as follows: three on each side of the proximal two-thirds
of the abdomen, one on the apical margin of each wing pad, one
on each side of the prothorax, and four on the cephalic margin
between the antennae. The circum-anal ring encompasses most of
the apex of the abdomen and is composed of a row of slit-like
pores.

The nymphs usually occur on the young tender growth where
they feed on the expanding leaves.

Distribution

Klyver (1931; 1932) extended the known distribution range
of texana to Nevada, Utah and New Mexico.

New Records

Adults of texana, collected by Van Duzee at Guayamas, So-
nora, Mexico, April 9, 1921, occur in the series labelled Apha-
lara mera in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences.
The Sonora record, however, was not published with Van Duzee’s
(1923) record from Lower California.

The following new collection records have been made by the
writer.* California. The species is herewith recorded from
California for the first time. All California collections were

* The opportunity of making some of the collections listed was afforded by the
United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine during the writer’s
service in the Division of Fruit Insect Investigations.

76

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

made on mesquite, Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz (=P. juli-
flora (Swartz) DC; P. glandulosa Torr. ; P. odorata Torr. and
Frem; P. velutina Wooton). Riverside County: Nymphs and
adults: Indio, April 7, 1940, May 15, 1941; Whitewater, May 15,
1941; San Timoteo Canyon, July 8, 1941, and June, 1942. Adults
only: Palm Springs, February 5, 1940, November 28, 1940;
Indio, January 17, 1941. San Bernardino County: Nymphs and
Adults: Twenty-nine Palms, April 6, 1941. Adults only: Bar-
stow, June 1, 1941. Nevada. Adults only from Prosopis sp., Las
Vegas, June 1, 1941. Utah. Adults only from Prosopis sp.,
Leeds, June 17, 1941.

It is probable that Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz is the
principal host, and possibly the only one, upon which texana
completes its entire life cycle. Other plants may serve as tem-
porary hosts for the adults. The indigenous range of Prosopis
chilensis includes southwestern United States, as far east as
Louisiana, Lower California, Mexico, Central America, Chile,
and the West Indies. The present known range of texana in-
cludes all of the southwestern states except Louisiana, Lower
California and Sonora, Mexico.

Literature Cited

Caldwell, J. S.

1941. A preliminary survey of Mexican Psyllidae. Ohio
Journ. Sci., 41:420.

Ferris, G. F.

1925. Observation on the Chermidae. (Hemiptera:Homo-
ptera). Part II. Canad. Ent., 57:46-50.

Crawford, D. L.

1914. A monograph of the jumping plant-lice or Psyllidae of
the New World. Smithsn. Inst. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 85:45.
Klyver, F. D.

1931. Chermidae from Utah, Nevada, and Arizona, including
three new species, Pan-Pac. Ent., 7:140-141.

Klyver, F. D.

1932. Biological notes and new records of North American
Chermidae (Homoptera). Ent. News, 43:12.

Van Duzee, E. P.

1923. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to
the Gulf of California in 1921. (The Hemiptera). Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., 12:199-200.

APRIL, 1^45 J

i'iliJNUiDK rOUAUKUS

77

NOTES ON THE SPECIES OF PODABRUS OF OREGON

AND WASHINGTON

(Coleoptera, Cantharidae)

BY KENNETH M. FENDER
McMinnville, Oregon

A few records of Oregon and Washington Podabrus have been
cited by LeConte (1881), Fall (1928), Ralph Hopping (1929),
and the author (Fender, 1943) . They give no intimation of the
actual number of species found. The present report is based on
material in the collections of Dr. M. H. Hatch at the University
of Washington and of the author. Mr. M. C. Lane has kindly
given the author all of the Cantharidae he has collected.

Podabrus latimanus Motsch. Yamhill River south of McMinn-
ville, Oregon. Fall reports this species from “middle California.”
The male of P. latimanus has a lateral spine midway on the
front femora. This characteristic was mentioned by neither Le-
Conte nor Fall in their studies of the genus. Mr. C. A. Frost has
kindly confirmed the existence of such spines on the front
femora of LeConte’s male of the species.

Podabrus cascadensis Fender. Clackamas Lake, Clear Lake
and Hood River Meadows, Oregon. These are the only records
to date.

Podabrus comes LeConte. Throughout the region but it is
more common west of the Cascade Range.

Podabrus conspiratus Fall. Wash.: LaGrande (Lane), Man-
chester (Hatch), Green River, King County (Hatch), Seattle
(Hatch). Ore.: McMinnville, Boyer, Corvallis. Fall described
this species from Skagway, Alaska. No other records have been
found.

Podabrus pruinosus LeConte. The typical form of this species
is found occasionally throughout the northwest. The variety
diver sipes Fall is much more common than the typical form in
the area.

Podabrus falli Hopping. Wawawai, Wash. (Lane), Wallowa
Lake, Ore. This species was described from Otter Creek, B. C.,
West Bank, B. C. and Nine Mile, Princeton, B. C. This is a rather
variable species. The author has one specimen in which the pale

78

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

bases and margins of the elytra are so extended as to almost
completely obliterate the black area.

Podabrus fulvus Fall. Black Snake Ridge, Blue Mts., Wash.
(Lane), Lewis Peak, Blue Mts., Wash., Mottet Meadows, Blue
Mts., Ore. Previously recorded by Fall from Kaweah, Calif, and
Atwell’s Mills, Tulare County, Calif.

Podabrus lanei Fender, new species

Male. Length 10-12 mm. Head black with muzzle yellow; an-
tennae black with the underside of the basal two segments pale
varying to a condition in which the basal segment is pale with the
other segments faintly annulated at the base. Pronotum yellow
with a black discal concavity; elytra and legs varying from yellow
to black. Head shining, sparsely finely punctate in front of the
antennae, coarsely closely punctate behind; eyes large; head wider
than thorax; antennae two-thirds the length of the body, the sec-
ond segment as long as the third. Pronotum transversely quad-
rate, the front angles rounded, the sides straight, converging
slightly to the hind angles which are prominent; surface shining,
finely sparsely punctate, more coarsely so anteriorly, convexities
moderate, median impressed line not eroded, extending from base
to apical third. Elytra shining, sparsely punctate basally, be-
coming finely rugose apically; vestiture cinereous, recumbent, fine
and rather sparse. Front tibiae and hind coxae not modified. All
claws armed with a broad acute tooth.

Female. Similar to male, eyes smaller, head just perceptibly
wider than thorax, antennae a little shorter.

Holotype male, Black Snake Ridge, Blue Mts., Wash., May
25, 1941, collected by M. C. Lane. Allotype female, Uniontown,
Wash., May 16, 1940, M. C. Lane. Paratypes : two males, same
data as holotype; three females, same data as allotype; one
male and one female, Uniontown, Wash., May 20, 1939, also
collected by Mr. Lane; one male, Wallowa Lake, Ore., June
22, 1941, K. M. and D. M. Fender; two males, three females,
Pine Creek, Baker, Ore., June 13, 1940, three males, Durkee,
Ore., June 17, 1941, collected by K. M. and D. M. Fender; one
male, two females, Rocky Bar, Idaho, collected by M. C. Lane,
and two females, Ashton, Idaho, June 15, 1939, collected by
M. C. Lane.

For my types I have chosen specimens that seem to be most
representative of the species. They have the antennae black with
the under side of the first segments pale; the elytra are a dingy
yellow and the legs black. In Fall’s key lanei would run to

APRIL, 1945 ]

FENDER rODADKUS

79

P. extricatus Fall or P. tejonicus LeC. and the dark form to
P. bolteri LeC. It differs from each of these species by its large
size, 10-12 mm. in lanei, 6-7 mm. in extricatus , 7.5 mm. in tejoni-
cus and 6.5 mm. in bolteri. In comparative lengths of the second
and third antennal segments it can also be separated: The seg-
ments equal in lanei ; the third segment twice as long as the
second in extricatus’, the third one-fourth longer than the second
in tejonicus-, the third distinctly longer than the second in bolteri.

Podabrus extricatus Fall. Baker Creek Valley, McMinnville,
Oregon. No previous records could be found other than those
of Mr. Fall in his description of the species. He cites Placer
and Plumas counties, California.

Podabrus scaber LeConte. Wallowa Lake, Oregon. Previously
reported from Oregon and Vancouver by LeConte, Stickine River,
B. C., by Wickham and Glacier Park, Montana, by Fall.

Podabrus macer LeConte. This species is apparently con-
fined to the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington. Fall
knew it only from the middle California coast range.

Podabrus piniphilus Esch. The commonest species of this
region. It is very abundant west of the Cascades and quite
common to the east of them.

Podabrus extremus LeConte. Mt. Bonapart, Okanogan County,
Wash. (Lane). Previous records of this species are, Hudson
Bay; Labrador; Mt. Washington, New Hampshire; Banff, Al-
berta; Skagway, Alaska. My specimen, a male, keys out to
P. extremus but the sides of the pronotum are angularly sinuate,
whereas Fall noted them as being nearly straight and just per-
ceptibly convergent from the obliquely truncate front angles.
Fall’s specimens, however, were apparently all females. I place
this specimen tentatively in this species.

Podabrus bolteri LeConte. Bear Springs, Wapinitia Cut-off,
Oregon. LeConte’s unique type is from Lake Tahoe, California.
Fall concluded that the range of this species was the Sierras of
middle California.

Podabrus fissilis Fall. Dr. Hatch has a fine series of this
species from Paradise Park and Reflection Lake, Mt. Rainier,
Wash. P. fissilis has been recorded from Emerald Lake, B. C.,
and Skagway, Alaska, by Fall, and Hopping notes a long series
taken at Emerald Mine south of Prince Rupert. Hopping states
that an occasional female was nearly black. Several of Dr.

80

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 2

Hatch’s specimens, both sexes, have the thorax entirely black,
the only pale area being the pale muzzle.

Podabrus instabilis LeConte. Blue Mts., Oregon. Cornucopia,
Oregon (Hatch), Green Springs Pass, Jackson County, Oregon
(Hatch), Lewis Peak, Blue Mts., Wash., Windemere, B. C.
(Hatch) . Fall gave the known range as the Sierras of California.

Podabrus danielsi Fender. (2 females) Berkeley Park, Mt.
Rainier, Wash. (Lane). These specimens agree nicely with my
female paratype. Females in this genus are often difficult to
place as many do not have the ungual characteristics used to
separate the males. Danielsi was described from Breitenbush
Lake, Mt. Hood National Forest, Oregon.

Podabrus cavicollis LeConte. Washington: Seattle (Hatch),
Olympia Hot Springs (Hatch), Quillayute (Hatch), Kirkland
(Hatch) and LaGrande (Lane). Oregon: Medford, McMinn-
ville, Boyer, Bear Springs, Blue Mts., and Devils Lake. Fall
cites Lake Tahoe, California, and Trinity, Plumas, Eldorado,
Sonoma counties, California, and Ormsby County in western
Nevada. Mr. Lane has kindly given the author three males of a
variety of cavicollis that has the elytra entirely black. They were
collected at LaGrande, Wash. For this variety I propose the
name of P. cavicollis var. hatchi, nov.

, References

LeConte, J. L. 1881. Synopsis of the Lampyridae. Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc., 9:45-50.

Fall, H. C. 1928. A Revision of the North American Species of
Podabrus. Ent. Am., (n.s.) 8 (2) : 65-103.

Hopping, R. 1929. New Coleoptera from Western Canada IV.
Can. Ent., 61:251-253.

Fender, K. M. 1943. Studies in the Cantharidae. Pan-Pac. Ent.,
19:64-66.

EDWARD W. BAKER

Dr. Edward W. Baker has recently been added to the staff of
the Division of Insect Identification, Bureau of Entomology and
Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C. Dr. Baker will be responsible for identifica-
tion and taxonomic investigations of Acarina. His headquarters
will be at the United States National Museum.

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Vol. XXI

July, 1945

No. 3

THE

Pan -Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

PATE, NOTES ON AMMOPLANUS 81

LINSLEY AND MacSWAIN, LONGEVITY OF FIFTH INSTAR LARVAE

OF HORNIA BOHARTI LINSLEY 88

SCHUSTER, A NEW SPECIES OF CHYPHOTES FROM CALIFORNIA 89

ALEXANDER, UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF TIPULIDAE FROM THE

WESTERN UNITED STATES. PART II _ 91

MacSWAIN, NOTES ON THE HABITS OF THE PREDATOR CYMATO-

DERA OVIPENIS SAY WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE PUPA 97

VAN DYKE, NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA 101

SMITH AND LINSLEY, MIGRATION OF VANESSA CARDUI 109

LINSLEY, FURTHER NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF PLEOCOMA 110

SMITH AND POTTS, BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON PLEOCOMA

HIRTICOLLIS VANDYKEI LINSLEY 115

SMITH AND MICHELBACHER, ABUNDANCE OF HYPERA PUNCTATA 118

ESSIG, HYALOPTEROIDES PALLIDA THEOBALD, AN APHID NEW TO

NORTH AMERICA 119

HERMAN, CEPHENEMYIA JELLISONI TOWNSEND REARED FROM
NASAL BOT OF BLACKTAILED DEER 120

San Francisco, California
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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

VOL. XXI. No. 3

July, 1945

NOTES ON AMMOPLANUS

( Hymenoptera : Sphecidae: Pemphredonini)

BY V. S. L. PATE
Cornell University

A review of the Nearctic forms of the interesting thripotherous
genus Ammoplanus was presented recently. 1 At that time repre-
sentatives of only the typical subgenus and of Parammoplanus
Pate were known to occur in North America: Ammoplanellus
Gussakovsky was believed to be confined wholly to the Old World.
But in the material of Ammoplanus in the United States National
Museum, which I have been privileged to study through the cour-
tesy of Dr. E. A. Chapin, are representatives of two Nearctic
species of Ammoplanellus. Descriptions of these interesting nov-
elties are presented below, together with notes on some related
forms.

Subgenus ammoplanellus Gussakovsky

Ammoplanus ( Ammoplanellus ) Gussakovsky, Bol. Soc. Espan.

Hist. Nat. XXXI, p. 442, (1931). Pate, Bull. So. Calif. Acad.

Sci., XLI, p. 144, (1943).

Genotype: Ammoplanus ( Ammoplanellus ) chorasmius Gus-
sakovsky, 1931. (Monobasic and by original designation.)

The subgenus Ammoplanellus differs from both Parammo-
planus and the nominate complex by the female lacking a dis-
tinct pygidial area on the ultimate abdominal tergite and by the
males having the terminal abdominal sternites simple and un-
modified. Additionally, the fore wing of Ammoplanellus has the
costa absent distad of the stigma and the radial vein does not
attain the costal margin, thus leaving the marginal cell broadly
open anteriorly. In this respect the present group resembles
Parammoplanus. But in Ammoplanellus the hind tibiae are dis-
tinctly bowed or curved in lateral aspect; the pronotal tubercles

1 Pate: Nearctic Ammoplanus. Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., XLI, pp. 141.
163, ill., (1943).

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are eburneous; the dorsal face of the propodeum is alveolate to
areolate; the occipital carina is very well developed and almost
a complete circle in extent; the genapontal region of the head
is elongate, generally about twice as long as the depth of the
oral fossa ; and the clypeus is entire and truncate medio-
apically. Conversely, in Par ammoplanus, as well as in Ammo-
planus in the restricted sense, the hind tibiae are relatively
straight; the pronotal tubercles are black or at least concolorous
with the remainder of the pronotum; the dorsal face of the pro-
podeum is granular, striate, or aciculate, and usually bisected by
a carinule; the occipital carinule is generally shorter and seldom
more than a semi-circle in extent; while the genapontal region is
relatively short, usually not more than one and a half times the
depth of the oral fossa; and the clypeus is diversely excised
medio-apically.

Ethology. The species of Ammoplanellus probably nest in
pre-existing holes or crannies and provision their burrows with
thrips as do the forms of the nominate subgenus . 2 Associated
with the specimens studied of the following Arizonan form xila
is a minute Chrysid wasp . 3 From the data now at hand, this
Chrysid may prove to be a parasite of Ammoplanus xila, and, if
so, this will be the first record of any such association in the
genus Ammoplanus.

Component Species. The subgenus Ammoplanellus at present
comprehends one Palaearctic species, the Transcaspian choras-
mius Gussakovsky; three Ethiopian forms, the Southern Rho-
desian species consohrinus Arnold and rhodesianus Arnold, and
the Malagasy madecassus Kohl ; and the following two new
western North American species: umatilla and xila.

Ammoplanus (Ammoplanellus) umatilla 4 Pate, new species

(Fig. 3)

The immaculate clypeus, the more coarsely sculptured pro-
notum and mesonotum, and the alveolate dorsal face of the pro-
podeum, readily distinguish umatilla from the following Ari-
zonan form xila.

2 Cf. Pate: Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci.. XLI, p. 143 (1943).

V. et.: Maneval : Ann. Soc. Ent. France, CVIII, pp. 78-81 (1939).

3 This Chrysid represents a new genus and species and is apparently somewhat
intermediate between the conventional subfamilies Elampinae and Chrysidinae. I
have forborne describing it inasmuch as the unique specimen before me is not in
a very good state of preservation.

4 After the Umatilla Indians of Washington.

July, 1945]

PATE AMMOPLANUS

83

Type. 9 ; Pasco, Franklin County, Washington. Elevation,
381 feet. (C. N. Ainslie.) [United States National Museum.]

Female. 2.5 mm. long. Fulgid black, with pronotal tubercles
eburneous. The following castaneous: labrum, palpi, apical mar-
gin of clypeus, antennal scapes, pedicel, and basal segments of the
flagellum (the apical segments brunnescent) , tegulae, axillary
sclerites, and legs. Mandibles ochraceous with apices red. Wings
clear hyaline throughout, iridescent; veins and stigma light brun-
neous, the latter pellucid at base.

Head fulgid, glabrous or nearly so; subcircular in anterior as-
pect, the vertex produced above the dorsal margins of the com-
pound eyes for about one-third their length. Front flat; with
microscopically fine, moderately distinct, vertical cancellate sculp-
ture to dorsal margins of compound eyes, the sculpture obsoles-
cent above on vertex and occiput; the inner orbits gently arcuate,
slightly convergent below, without medial or orbital impressions;
ocellocular line one and three-fourths the postocellar distance. An-
tennae reaching about to pronotum; scapes straight, subcylindri-
cal, two- thirds the vertical eye-length; pedicel obterete, twice the
length of first flagellar article; flagellum finely puberulent, incon-
spicuously incrassate apically, all segments simple, first two seg-
ments subequal in length, ultimate article simple, terete, twice the
length of penult segment. Interantennal line equal to antennocular
distance. Clypeus nitidous, flat to very gently tumid discally, me-
dian length one-fifth the vertical eye-length, broadly truncate
medio-apically. Labrum subrectangular, the lateral margins gently
convergent distad, with a deep U-shaped excision medio-apically.
Temples with obscure vertical aciculation. Mandibles simple, apices
acute, with a preapical shoulder on inner margins; lower margins
entire, edentate.

Thorax fulgid, subglabrous. Pronotum moderately short; with
very fine, transverse cancellate rugulation; anterior dorsal margin
rounded and gently declivous to level of neck from which it is
separated by a finely foveolate, transverse furrow; the dorsal sur-
face bisected by a faint and shallow longitudinal furrow. Meso-
notum gently arched anteriorly, with a very fine transverse can-
cellate rugulation, notauli vaguely indicated on anterior fourth;
scutellum flat, with very fine transverse cancellate sculpture, the
anterior margin with a strong transverse, sexfoveolate furrow;
postscutellum simple, flat, glabrous, nitidous. Mesopleura glabrous,
anteriorly with faint cancellate sculpture to subnitidous posteri-
orly; episternal suture strongly impressed, foveolate, vertical above
but curving sharply below to become subhorizontal; mesopleural
pit large and distinct; hind margin finely consute. Metapleura
glabrous, nitidous, with a few subparallel horizontal rugulae above
and finely rugulose below. Propodeum subfulgid, glabrous; dorsal
face finely alveolate, the cells with fine cancellate sculpture within,
not bisected by a carinule; posterior face with indistinct cancellate

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[VOL. XXI, NO. 3

sculpture to alveolation above, traversed by a few subhorizontal
rugulae below, and bisected by a faint and shallow vertical sulcus;
lateral carinae absent; lateral faces fulgid, with fine oblique
rugulae.

Leg’s simple; all tarsi unmodified; hind tibiae bowed.

Abdomen fusiform, fulgid, largely glabrous save for apical seg-
ments which have a very thin and sparse vestiture of fine, decum-
bent, puberulent whitish hair. Tergites nitidous, with a fine, barely
perceptible, transverse aciculation. Ultimate tergite conical, with
fine cancellate sculpture, but without a pygidial area.

This interesting little species is known at present from only
the unique female taken in southeastern Washington.

Ammoplanus (Ammoplanellus) xila 5 Pate, new species

(Figs. 1,2)

The eburneous clypeus, labrum, and antennal scapes; the per-
fulgid and very finely sculptured pronotum and mesonotum;
and the more coarsely sculptured propodeum immediately dif-
ferentiate xila from the preceding Washington species umatilla.

Type . 2 ; Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. Elevation,
1,108 feet. August 19, 1942. (R. A. Flock; flying about chair;
associated with Hesperorhipis mirabilis Knull [Buprestidae] and
a small Chrysid wasp.) [United States National Museum.]

Female. 2.5 mm. long. Perfulgid black; the following eburn-
eous: mandibles save for red apices, palpi, labrum, clypeus, scapes
anteriorly, pronotal tubercles, and a spot on tegulae. Fulvous:
labrum marginally and basally with two small spots; scapes pos-
teriorly; pedicel; basal articles of flagellum (apical segments
brunneous) ; tegulae; axillary sclerites; and legs, the last with
trochanters, bases and apices of tibae, and metatarsi stramineous.
Wings clear hyaline, iridescent; veins castaneous; stigma brun-
neous, pellucid at base.

Head perfulgid, glabrous or nearly so; subcircular in ante-
rior aspect, the vertex produced above the dorsal margins of the
compound eyes for about one-third their length. Front flat; with
microscopically fine, distinct, vertical cancellate sculpture on lower
two-thirds, the sculpture obsolete above on vertex and occiput;
inner orbits gently arcuate, slightly convergent below, without
medial or orbital impressions; ocellocular line twice the postocellar
distance. Antennae reaching about to pronotum; scapes straight,
subcylindrical, three-fifths the vertical eye-length; pedicel obterete,
twice the length of first flagellar article; flagellum finely puberu-
lent, inconspicuously incrassate apically, all segments simple, first

15 After the Xila ( seu Gila) Indians of southern Arizona.

July, 1945]

PATE — AMMOPLANUS

85

two segments subequal in length, ultimate article simple, terete,
twice the length of penult segment. Clypeus nitidous, flat, median
length about one-eighth (0.133) the vertical eye-length, broadly
truncate medio-apically. Labrum trapeziform, broader than long,
the lateral margins weakly sinuous and gently convergent distad,
with a deep V-shaped excision medio-apically, the lateral lobes
bluntly acute. Temples with very faint and obscure aciculation.
Mandibles simple, apices acute, with a preapical shoulder on inner
margin; lower margins entire, edentate.

Thorax perfulgid, subglabrous. Pronotum moderately short;
with a very fine transverse cancellate sculpture; anterior dorsal

Explanation of Figures

Ammoplanus {Ammoplanellus) xila n. sp. : Fig. 1. — Anterior as-
pect of head of female (Type). Fig. 2. — Lateral aspect of hind
tibiae (Type).

Ammoplanus ( Ammoplanellus ) umatilla n. sp. : Fig. 3. — Anterior
aspect of head of female (Type).

margin rounded and gently declivous to level of neck from which
it is separated by a finely foveolate, transverse furrow, the dorsal
surface bisected by a faint and shallow longitudinal furrow. Meso-
notum gently arched anteriorly, with a very fine transverse cancel-
late sculpture, notauli not evident; scutellum gently tumid, with
very fine transverse cancellate sculpture, the anterior margin with
a strong transverse, quadrifoveolate furrow; postscutellum simple,
flat, glabrous, nitidous. Mesopleura subglabrous, subnitidous
throughout; episternal suture strongly impressed, very finely con-
sute, vertical above but curving sharply below to become sub-
horizontal; mesopleural pit large and distinct; hind margin very
finely consute. Metapleura glabrous, subnitidous throughout. Pro-
podeum fulgid, glabrous; dorsal face finely, irregularly areolate,
the areoles nitidous within, not bisected by a carinule, but separ-
ated from posterior face by a weak, irregular, transverse carinule;

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posterior face traversed by a few very fine subhorizontal, sub-
parallel rugulae and bisected by a narrow submarginate vertical
sulcus; lateral carinae represented by irregular carinules; lateral
faces fulgid, very finely areolate posteriorly and dorsally but finely
and faintly rugulate anteriorly below.

Legs simple; all tarsi unmodified; hind tibiae bowed.

Abdomen fusiform, fulgid, largely glabrous save for apical
segments which have a very thin and sparse vestiture of fine de-
cumbent puberulent whitish hair. Tergites nitidous, with a barely
perceptible, fine, transverse aciculation. Ultimate tergite conical,
with fine cancellate sculpture, but without a pygidial area.

Paratype. A topotypical, equidatic female, agreeing with the
type in all essential respects save that the head is missing.

Biological Notes. Dr. C. F. W. Muesebeck of the Bureau of
Entomology and Plant Quarantine has very kindly supplied me
with the information that Mr. R. A. Flock of the Office of State
Entomologist, Arizona Commission of Agriculture and Horticul-
ture, observed many specimens of Ammoplanus xila and a small
( undescribed) Chrysid wasp flying rapidly about holes in a chair
from which had previously emerged small powder-post flat-
headed borers ( Hesperorhipis mirabilis Knull). Though the
Chrysids are not definitely known to have been reared, it is as-
sumed, perhaps without warrant, that they are social parasites of
Ammoplanus xila. And if this is so, it will be the first such asso-
ciation of a Chrysid wasp with any member of the Ammoplanoid
complex. From what is already known of the biology of Ammo-
planus, the species do not construct burrows but merely utilize
pre-existing cracks, crannies or holes for their nests. In all prob-
ability, xila in this instance occupied the abandoned borings of
the small Buprestid Hesperorhipis mirabilis.

Subgenus AMMOPLANUS Giraud

Ammoplanus Giraud, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (4) , IX, p. 469, (1869).
Ammoplanus ( Ammoplanus ) Gussakovsky, Bol. Soc. Espan. Hist.

Nat., XXXI, p. 443, (1931); [Palaearctic species]. Pate, Trans.

Amer. Ent. Soc., LXII, p. 101, (1937). Pate, Bull. So. Calif.

Acad. Sci., XLI, p. 144, (1943) ; [Nearctic species]. Giner Mari,

Eos, XIX, pp. 285, 287, 293, (1943); [Spanish forms].
Ammoplanus ( Ceballosia ) Giner Mari, Eos. XIX, pp. 285, 293,

(1943). [Type: A. ( Ammoplanus ) rjabovi Gussakovsky, 1931.]

Recently in a review of the Spanish forms of Ammoplanus , 6

6 Giner Mari, Jose. — Monografia de los Ammoplanus Gir. de Espafia. Eos, Rev.
Espan. Ent. XIX, pp. 281-294, ill. (1943).

July, 1945 ]

PATE— AMMOPLANUS

87

Giner Mari has erected the subgenus Ceballosia for those forms
hitherto referred to Ammoplanus (s. str.) in which the males
have the hind metatarsi more or less modified — usually expanded
into a median tooth or lobe — whilst the females have the clypeus
armed medially with a large robust median tooth or apophysis.
However, a re-examination of the Nearctic species, as well as a
series of several still undescribed Algerian Ammoplanus in my
cabinet, fails to substantiate Giner Mari’s belief that these forms
merit recognition as a discrete subgenus. Furthermore, the fea-
tures upon which Giner Mari has chosen to base his Ceballosia
are now generally recognized to exhibit extreme variations in
individual species. This has been very ably demonstrated by De
Beaumont in a recent paper on heterogenic growth in a number
of aculeate Hymenoptera. 7 Consequently in view of all this, I
believe that Ceballosia must be regarded as merely a synonym of
Ammoplanus in the restricted sense, although the component
Palaearctic forms ( rjabovi Guss., platytarsus Guss., diver sipes
Guss., metatar salis Guss., sibiricus Guss., insularis Giner Mari,
ceballosi Giner Mari, and marathroicus DeStef.) undoubtedly
constitute one or more discrete species groups within the nomi-
nate subgenus.

Ammoplanus (Ammoplanus) vanyumi Pate

Ammoplanus ( Ammoplanus ) vanyumi Pate, Bull. So. Calif. Acad.
Sci., XLI, p. 145, (1943); [2 Mouth of Deep Creek (at junc-
tion with Mohave River), San Bernardino Mts., California;
(on Eriodictyon trichocalyx )].

This species has hitherto been known only from southern
California. The collection of the United States National Museum
contains several specimens which materially extend the range of
vanyumi.

Idaho: Hollister, Twin Falls County; July 11, 1929; (on S.
altissimum and S. sophia) : 1 2. Burley, Cassia County; eleva-
tion, 4,350 feet; July 1, 1927; (on Salsola pestifer ) : 1 2. Oak-
ley, Cassia County; elevation, 4,191 feet; July 1, 1927; (on S.
filipes ) : 1 2 .

7 Jacques de Beaumont. — Systematique et croissance dysharmonique. Mitt.
Schweiz. Ent. Ges., XIX, pp. 45-52, ill. (1943).

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[VOL. XXI, NO. 3

Xysma ceanothae (Viereck)

Ammoplanus ceanothae Viereck [in part], Psyche, XI, p. 72, (1904).
Xysma ceanothae (Viereck) Pate, Trans. Amer.- Ent. Soc., LXIII,
p. 97, (1937) ; [ $ ; Lehigh Gap, Northampton County, Pennsyl-
vania].

Hitherto this species has been known from only the unique
female from eastern Pennsylvania. In the collection of the United
States National Museum is another female specimen from Wash-
ington, D. C., bearing the manuscrpt name “ Ammoplanus foxii
Ashmead.”

Like the species of the southern Californian genus Timber-
lakena, the hind wing of Xysma ceanothae lacks any closed cells.

LONGEVITY OF FIFTH INSTAR LARVAE OF HORNIA

BOHARTI LINSLEY

In April, 1941, a large number of fifth instar larvae of Hornia
boharti Linsley were collected in Grapevine Canyon, ten miles
south of Little Lake, Inyo County, California 1 . Unlike the other
known members of the genus, this species normally exhibits a two
year life cycle, supposedly as a protective device useful in resisting
the extreme dryness of its habitat and occasional poor flower
years. Since all larval feeding takes place in the first four instars,
these larvae had not fed since the summer of 1939 or 1940. They
were stored in humidity chambers and during late spring and
early summer, 1942, the majority transformed into sixth instar
larvae, followed by pupation and adult emergence. At this time
it was noticed that several dozen fifth instar larvae had undergone
no further development but nevertheless appeared to be alive.
These were subsequently kept at room temperatures and relative
humidities and several adults emerged both in 1943 and 1944.
These mated normally and laid large quantities of viable eggs.
In June, 1945, the last three adults emerged and the single male
mated with one of the two females. She subsequently deposited
viable eggs. These three specimens appeared normal in every
respect except for a distinct reduction in size. Similar small adults
are occasionally encountered in the field and may also result from
prolongation of the period spent as fifth instar larvae. In the
present case the last adults transformed from larvae which had
not fed for at least five and possibly six years. — E. G. Linsley and
J. W. Mac Swain.

1 Linsley, E. G. and J. W. MacSwain. 1942. Bionomics of the meloid genus
Hornia ( Coleoptera ) . Univ. of Calif. Publ. Entom., 7 (9) :189-206, pis. 6-7, 1 t. fig.

July, 1945]

SCHUSTER— CHYPHOTES

89

A NEW SPECIES OF CHYPHOTES FROM CALIFORNIA

(Hymenoptera, Mutillidae)

BY R. M. SCHUSTER

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

In a collection of Mutillidae in the American Museum of
Natural History there was found the following female of
Chyphotes, representing a very distinct new species.

This species is the only one in the genus that has the entire
head and thorax blackish in color, sharply contrasted from the
bright orange abdomen. In the Monograph of the Genus
Chyphotes of North America (Buzicky, Entomologica Ameri-
cana, vol. 21, 1941, pp. 201-250) Buzicky gives a key to the
females. The following species goes to couplet 7 in his key, and
the key can be changed as follows in order to allow for its
recognition :

7a. Head, thorax and legs entirely infuscated to black in color,
the abdomen orange; third abdominal tergite concolorous
with rest of abdomen; sculpture of abdomen very weak.

bicolor Schuster

-. Head and thorax concolorous with the abdomen; if the legs are
at all infuscated, the third abdominal tergite is also dark-
ened, and the sculpture of the abdomen is rather coarse 7

This species appears to be closely related to testaceipes Fox
and auripilus Buzicky, both of which have the head and thorax
concolorous with the abdomen, however. It appears to be most
closely related to the latter, from which it does not differ mor-
phologically to any marked degree; however, Buzicky states that
the head has the “punctures shallow but contiguous,” whereas
they are rather deep in the present species, and contiguous only
on the lower frons.

Chyphotes bicolor Schuster, new species

Female. Length 8.2 mm. Head and alitrunk deeply infuscated
and piceous to nearly black, the legs and antennae scarcely lighter
(more or less mahogany colored), much darker than the orange
abdomen. Notum of head, thorax and abdomen, with the exception
of the apical three tergites and the propodeum, which are silvery

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PAN -PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 3

erect pubescent, entirely erect and appressed golden-yellow pubes-
cent.

Head very closely to subconfluently punctured on the lower
frons, the punctures more or less polygonal-rounded, those of the
rest of the head distinctly separated, rounded, with polished inter-
vals (those of the antennal scrobes considerably smaller than those
of the rest of the head). Scape with coarse, scattered, well-
separated foveate punctures, with wide polished intervals, with
sparse, decumbent silvery and yellowish-golden hairs; pedicel
slightly less than half as long as the first flagellar segment, which
in its turn, is very slightly longer than the second (the ratio be-
tween the two, dorsally measured, 41:38). Mandibles, clypeus and
genae with very sparse silvery, pilose hairs, the frons and vertex
with a nearly circular cap of decumbent, appressed to erect light
golden pubescence. Eyes subovate-subreniform, posteriorly angu-
late in outline, about one-sixth longer than high.

Thorax nearly black, with rather sparse, erect, very long, light
golden pubescence dorsally; densely but not confluently punctured,
similarly to vertex, the intervals polished. Mesopleurae punctate
all over, the punctures of the anterior margin sparser, smaller and
scattered, however. Mesosternta each with a short, subdentiform
or carinate lobe or process between and close to the mesocoxae.
Inner edges of the metasternal teeth with the sinus v-shaped, sides
at somewhat less than 90 degrees to each other. Pro-podeum simi-
larly punctured to the rest of the thorax laterally; the apical
median area somewhat depressed and transversely wrinkled, while
the median area immediately anterior is obscurely, rugosely
sculptured.

Abdomen with the anterior part of the first sternite terete,
glabrous, polished, not covered by tergite one, slightly widened to
apex; meeting tergite one at a right angle or, if anything, lat a
slightly obtuse angle. Entire abdomen a bright golden orange,
dorsally weakly, moderately closely punctured (the sculpture not
more than half as coarse as in elevatus). Second sternite laterally
coarsely punctured, medially (ie., on disk) with the punctures
fine, scattered, nearly obsolete in part, the disk thus more or less
polished. Felt line of second tergite short, about a fifth the length
of the tergite. Vestiture of abdomen of silvery erect, long pilose
hairs below; that of the notum similar, but bright golden, except
for that of the apical two or three segments, where it is largely
or entirely silvery.

Legs deeply infuscated, silvery pubescent.

Holotype, San Diego, California, in the collection of the
American Museum of Natural History.

July, 1945]

ALEXANDER— WESTERN TIPULIDAE

91

UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF TIPULIDAE FROM THE
WESTERN UNITED STATES

(Diptera)

PART II

BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER
Massachusetts State College, Amherst

The preceding part under this title was published in the Pan-
Pacific Entomologist, 20:91-97; 1944. Most of the species- de-
scribed at this time are from the extensive Melander Collection,
and were taken in Washington and northern Idaho by Dr. Melan-
der. I wish to express my deep thanks to Dr. Melander for per-
mitting me to retain the types of those species that were based
on single specimens. All of the species discussed herewith belong
to the single tribe Hexatomini, extensively developed in our
western states.

Dactylolabis imitata Alexander, new species

Male. Length about 10 mm.; wing 10 mm.

Generally similar to damula and pteropoecila, differing con-
spicuously in the details of wing pattern and the venation.

Wings with the ground whitish sub hyaline, the prearcular and
costal cells clearer yellow; a heavy brown pattern, as follows:
Postarcular, in bases of cells R and M, more extensive in the
former; a major area at origin of Rs, continued across cells R
and M to vein Cu, vaguely broken by a pale seam in cell R adjoin-
ing vein M; a relatively narrow but complete crossband at the
cord; other major darkenings at R i +2 and R 2 , the outer end of cell
1st Mi and the fork of M i +2 ; a narrow, continuous brown seam
along vein Cu, chiefly in cell Cu% and immediately behind vein Cu»;
a similarly narrow seam along vein 2nd A ; veins brownish yellow,
darker in the patterned areas. Venation: Sc long, both Sci and
Sci ending beyond the fork of R 2 + 3 + 4 , the latter very short, subequal
to or shorter than the basal section of Rs ; cell 1st Mi large, m and
the basal section of M 3 subequal in length; m-cu more than three-
fourths its own length beyond the fork of M.

The most similar described species is Dactylolabis pteropoe-
cila (Alexander) which has the wing pattern almost the same
but much more restricted, and which differs in important vena-
tional details, as the longer R 2+ 3+ 4 , the lengthened cell 1st M 2 ,
and the unusually long m. D. damula (Osten Sacken) is more

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[VOL. XXI, NO. 3

distantly related, differing particularly in the short Sc, strongly
upcurved veins R 3 and /? 4 , and the position of m-cu before the
fork of M.

Habitat. California (Marin County) .

H olotype, $, Lagunitas Canon, March, 1939 (through Mont
A. Cazier) .

Limnophila (Prionolabis) scaria Alexander, new species

Allied to Vancouver ensis; size medium (wing, male, 9 mm.) ;
general coloration heavily gray pruinose, the praescutum with in-
dications of three darker stripes; antennae 16-segmented; femora
brownish yellow, the tips broadly brownish black; wings brownish
yellow, restrictedly patterned with brown; male hypopygium with
the outer dististyle conspicuously toothed on mesal edge, the lowest
of these teeth expanded into a flange; inner dististyle elongate-
oval, terminating in a mass of spinous points, before apex on outer
face with a short, stout, spinous lobe; gonapophyses slender-
stemmed, at apex widening into an elongate blade that tapers
gradually into a long spinous point.

Male. Length about 8.5 mm.; wing 9 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae 16-segmented, black
throughout, the scape pruinose; flagellar segments oval, the termi-
nal one cylindrical, about one-fourth longer than the penultimate.
Head black, heavily gray pruinose.

Pronotum gray. Mesonotum blackened, gray pruinose, but leav-
ing indications of three opaque praescutal stripes, the median one
broader; posterior sclerites of notum less heavily pruinose. , Pleura
black, gray pruinose; dorsopleural membrane restrictedly huffy.
Halteres pale yellow throughout. Legs with coxae black, pruinose;
trochanters brownish black; femora brownish yellow, clearer yel-
low basally, the tips passing into brownish black, including the
distal third to fourth; tibiae and basitarsi obscure brownish yel-
low, the tips narrowly infuscated; remainder of tarsi black. Wings
with a brownish yellow suffusion, the prearcular and costal fields
clear light yellow; stigma oval, darker brown; relatively distinct,
paler brown clouds at origin of Rs, over cord and outer end of
cell 1st Mi, as a seam along vein Cu, and as less evident cloudings
on outer radial veins and 2nd A ; veins brown, yellow in the bright-
ened fields. Venation: R 2+3 + 4 a trifle longer than m-cu or approxi-
mately twice r-m; i? 2+3 weakly sinuous; petiole of cell Mi subequal
to the cell; m-cu at near midlength of cell 1st M 2 .

Abdominal tergites brownish black, more infuscated medially,
the darkest color being on the lateral and posterior portions of
the individual segments; basal sternites more reddish brown, the
outer segments, including hypopygium, more uniformly blackened.
Male hypopygium with the tergite rather deeply notched, the lobes
obtuse at tips, the entire caudal emargination and lobes provided

July, 1945]

ALEXANDER— WESTERN TIPULIDAE

93

with microscopic setulae from small papillose bases. Outer disti-
style with its mesal edge conspicuously toothed, on the more basal
portion dilated into a flange; outer surface of style microscopically
squamose; outer lobe closely appressed to the style. Inner disti-
style generally elongate-oval in outline, without a clearly defined
basal lobe as is common in the subgenus; style narrowed out-
wardly, the entire apex produced and densely beset with strong
black spines, those on the ventral aspect longer and stouter, on the
outer margin small and appressed but stout, interspersed with a
few long setae; on outer margin before the spinous tip a short lobe
that terminates in an acute spine. Gonapophyses slender-stemmed,
at apex widened into an elongate blade that tapers gradually into
a long spinous point. Aedeagus broadly flattened.

Habitat. Washington (Snohomish County).

Holotype, S , Index, August 2, 1917 (Melander).

Although generally similar to Limnophila ( Prionolabis ) van-
couverensis Alexander, there seems to be no question of the
specific distinctness of the present fly. It differs evidently in the
structure of the male hypopygium, particularly of the inner dis-
tistyles and the gonapophyses.

Limnophila (Prionolabis) gruiformis Alexander, new species

Size medium (wing, male, 10 mm. or less) ; general coloration
gray, the median praescutal stripe more blackened; antennae 16-
segmented, the more proximal flagellar segments with lower face
slightly protuberant; femora yellow, the tips narrowly brownish
black; wings yellowish, the stigm'a and seams over Cu, cord and
outer end of cell 1st M% darker; male hypopygium with the tergal
lobes slightly divergent and microscopically scabrous; outer disti-
style narrow, with only a single well-developed denticle before the
long apioal spine; inner dististyle with a long blackened rod on
outer face, teeth of outer portion of style along outer margin con-
spicuously appressed; gonapophyses with the stems rather strongly
sclerotized, near tip narrowed into a slender spine that is bent at a
slight angle; aedeagus broadly flattened.

Male. Length about 8:5-9 mm..; wing 9.5-10 mm.; antenna
about 1. 9-2.0 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae 16-segmented; scape
and pedicel brownish black, the former more or less pruinose;
flagellum brown, the outer segments somewhat darker; basal
flagellar segment pyriform, succeeding segments short-suboval, the
lower face somewhat protuberant; intermediate segments oval, the
outer ones passing into long-cylindrical; terminal segment about
one-third longer than the penultimate. Head gray.

Pronotum dark gray. Mesonotum chiefly gray, the praescutum
with the broad median stripe more blackened and defined, less

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heavily pruinose to subnitidous; posterior sclerites of notum less
heavily pruinose, posterior portions of scutal lobes reddened.
Pleura black, heavily gray pruinose ; dorsopleural membrane gray
in front, more buffy yellow behind. Halteres yellow. Legs with
the coxae gray pruinose; trochanters obscure yellow, more black-
ened apically and beneath; femora yellow, the tips rather narrowly
brownish black; tibiae and basitarsi obscure yellow, the tips more
narrowly darkened; remainder of tarsi blackened. Wings with the
ground color yellowed, the prearcular and costal fields clearer yel-
low; stigma long-oval, dark brown; less evident dark seams along
cord, outer end of cell 1 st M2 arid along vein Cu; veins brown,
yehow in the luteous fields. Venation: R2+3+4 longer than the basal
section of R*; petiole of cell Mi subequal to or longer than the cell;
cell 1st M2 varying from rectangular to long-rectangular, with
vz-cu at from one-third to beyond midlength.

Abdomen black, gray pruinose, hypopygium concolorus. Male
hypopygium with the median region of tergite slightly produced,
with a broad U-shaped median notch, the lateral lobes microscopic-
ally scabrous, slightly divergent. Outer dististyle with its outer
portion narrow, with only a single strong denticle, with indications
of a second low point before midlength to the tip of the strong
terminal spine. Inner dististyle with a long black rod on outer
face, this subequal in length to the remainder of the style beyond
it; the latter with a series of about ten low appressed black teeth
along the outer margin; a conspicuous fleshy lobe on mesal face
at base. Gonapophyses with stem rather strongly sclerotized,
straight, slightly widened outwardly, near apex narrowed into a
long slender spine that is bent at a slight angle from the axis.
Aedeagus broadly flattened.

Habitat. Idaho (Latah County).

Holotype, S, Moscow Mountain, July 7, 1918 (Melander)
Melander Collection. Paratopotype, S , in author’s collection.

Limnophila ( Prionolabis ) gruiformis is well-distinguished
from other similar regional species by the structure of the male
hypopygium, particularly the tergite, both dististyles and the
gonapophyses. The inner dististyle and gonapophysis are some-
what as in the eastern Nearctic L. ( P .) walleyi Alexander but the
structure of the outer dististyle is quite distinctive.

Limnophila (Phylidorea) snoqualmiensis Alexander, new

species

General coloration of thorax varying from reddish brown to
brownish black, the surface more or less pruinose; fore femora
extensively blackened, the remaining femora with only the tips
darkened; wings with a very restricted dark pattern; abdominal
tergites yellowish brown, sternites clear yellow, the outer segments

July, 1945]

ALEXANDER— WESTERN TIPULIDAE

95

extensively black; male hypopygium with the tergite produced into
two small darkened lobes, one on either side of a deep medium
notch; inner dististyle unusually slender, not angularly bent at
near midlength; lateral gonapophyses long and slender, narrowed
to the simple tips.

Male. Length about 9.5 mm.; wing 10 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae with scape black, pedicel
yellowish brown, flagellum pale brown; flagellar segments passing
through long-oval to subcylindrical, provided with long conspicu-
ous verticils. Head uniformly gray; anterior vertex about three
times the diameter of scape.

Thoracic notum of type almost uniformly blackened, sparsely
pruinose, pleura concolorous, the propleura paler; in paratype,
color much more reddish brown, sparsely pruinose or pollinose,
giving a brown or fulvous brown appearance. Halteres with stem
whitened, knob weakly darkened. Legs with coxae and trochanters
reddish yellow; femora yellow basally, the tips blackened, very
broadly so on fore legs where the outer three-fourths to four-fifths
is included, narrow on the middle and posterior legs, involving the
outer eighth to tenth; all tibiae obscure yellow, the tips very
narrowly darkened; tarsi passing through light brown to brownish
black. Wings whitish yellow, the prearcular and costal fields light
yellow; stigma relatively small but conspicuous, dark brown; very
narrow and inconspicuous brown seams over cord and outer end
of cell 1st Mi] wing tip very vaguely infuscated; veins brown,
more yellowed in the brightened portions. Venation: Rs short and
angulated to more elongate and arcuated, the greatest length
(type) about three times R 2 +m ; cell Mi subequal to its petiole; m-cu
at or near midlength of cell 1st M 2 .

Abdominal tergites yellowish brown, sternites clear yellow, the
outer segments, involving seven, eight and part of nine, uniformly
blackened to form a ring, the remainder of hypopygium chiefly
castaneous. Male hypopygium with the median region of poste-
rior border of tergite bearing a small oval darkened lobe on either
side of a deep median incision, the lobes abundantly setulif erous ;
lobes subtended on either side by a glabrous, more reddish flange;
no concentration of setae near the caudal border, as in adusta
and allies. Outer dististyle flattened, glabrous, slightly expanded
before the abruptly narrowed apical portion. Inner dististyle un-
usually slender, strongly curved, not angularly bent at near mid-
length as in related species. Lateral gonapophyses long and
slender, blackened, gradually narrowed to the simple tips. Inner
paired gonapophyses or branches of adeagus blackened, not ex-
panded at their tips.

Habitat. Washington (Kittitas County).

Holotype, S , Snoqualmie Pass, June 29, 1924 (Melander) ;
Melander Collection. Paratopotype, $ , in author’s collection.
The present fly is closely related to Limnophila ( Phylidorea )

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[VOL. XXI, NO. 3

columbiana Alexander, of northwestern British Columbia, dif-
fering especially in the details of structure of the male hypopy-
gium, particularly the tergite, where the lobes are deeply divided,
and the lateral gonapophyses, which are more slender, tapering
to the acute tips. In this subgenus, what both Edwards and I
had interpreted as being the innermost set of gonapophyses now
appears to represent lateral branches of a profoundly trifid
aedeagus. Several groups of Tipulidae are now known with this
organ deeply bifid or trifid.

Shannonomyia albomanicata Alexander, new species

General coloration of thorax brownish yellow, without pattern;
femora obscure yellow, tips narrowly infuscated; tarsi snowy-
white; wings with a strong brownish-yellow suffusion; Sc-i ending
about opposite six-seventh the length of the long Rs, the latter
subequal to vein Rs, inner ends of cells R<, Rs and 1st M 2 in trans-
verse alignment; cell M a lacking.

Female. Length about 6 mm.; wing 6.2 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennae brown, the flagellum
somewhat lighter colored; flagellar segments oval, the terminal
one elongate, nearly twice the penultimate; verticils slightly ex-
ceeding the segments. Head dark brownish gray.

Thoracic dorsum light brownish yellow, without pattern, the
lateral margins somewhat brighter; pseudosutural fovea and tuber-
culate pits pale, concolorus with the integument, the latter placed
near the cephalic border of praescutum. Pleura a little more yel-
lowish, the surface with a vague pruinosity. Halteres elongate,
stem yellow, knob weakly infuscated. Legs with the coxae and
trochanters yellow; femora obscure yellow, the tips narrowly and
inconspicuously infuscated; tibiae pale yellow, the tips even more
narrowly darkened; tarsi snowy-white, the terminal segment dark-
ened; tibiae spurred. Wings with a strong brownish yellow suf-
fusion, the prearcular and costal fields clearer yellow; veins
brownish yellow, clearer yellow in the more brightened fields.
Macrotrichia on veins beyond cord, lacking on Rs, R 2+3 and on
most of the veins enclosing cell 1st M 2 . Venation: Sc short, Sci
ending about opposite six-sevenths the length of the long Rs, the
latter subequal to vein R t ; f? 2 -n+ 4 short, a little exceeding the basal
section of Rs ; R 2 faint, subequal to Ri +2 ; inner ends of cells Rt,
Rs and 1st M 2 in transverse alignment; cell Mi lacking; cell 1st M 2
long, narrowed outwardly, m being only about one-half the basal
section of M 3 , the cell a trifle longer than vein M a beyond it; m-cu
at three fifths the length of M a +4.

Abdomen light brownish yellow, the sternites somewhat clearer
yellow. Ovipositor with valves long and slender, the cerci straight
and unusually long.

July, 1945 ]

MaoSWAIN— cymatodeba ovipennis

97

Habitat. Washington (Pacific County).

Holotype. $ , Ilwaco, June 28, 1925 (Melander) .

The reference of this curious fly to Shannonomyia Alexander
must be held to be somewhat provisional but on the basis of
the short subcosta and the loss of cell M 1 , it agrees more closely
than with Limnophila. The one discordant venational feature is
the long Rs which is much longer than in the other described
Nearctic species. The discovery of the male sex may result in
assigning the species elsewhere. The fly is readily told from all
other regional species of Hexatomini by the white tarsi, in con-
junction with the loss of cell M 1 of the wings.

NOTES ON THE HABITS OF THE PREDATOR CYMATO-
DERA OVIPENNIS SAY WITH A DESCRIPTION

OF THE PUPA

( Coleoptera, Cleridae)

BY J. W. Macs WAIN
University of California, Berkeley

During a study of the aculeate Hymenoptera using the living
and dead branches of Sambucus for nesting purposes, two beetle
larvae were found that proved to be Cymatodera ovipennis Say. 1
Blaisdell (1892) has recorded larvae of this species from bur-
rows of the cerambycid Ipochus fasciatus in southern California.
A summary of the food habits of this species by Boving and
Champlain (1920) states that it is “a predator on Lepidopterous
larvae infesting cones of Pinus jeffreyi-, reared from cones of
Pinus ponderosa and Pseudotsuga taxifolia; from Pinon pine
infested with Carphoborous and Callidium.” These records on
secondary woodboring Coleoptera are similar to those given by
the same authors for Cymatodera undulata Say, which was sub-
sequently reared by W. V. Balduf (1926) from the bur oak galls
made by the cynipid, Disholcaspis mamma Walsh. This paper is
designed to increase the knowledge of the biology of this species
and to illustrate and describe the pupa.

1 Determination by E. G. Linsley.

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[VOL. XXI, NO. 3

Larva

An excellent description of the mature larva has been given
by Boving and Champlain. It will suffice to add that, following
ecdysis and in earlier instars, the general body color of the larva
is pale rose and the pigmented portions a pinkish violet. In the
ultimate and penultimate larvae, the membraneous portions of
the thorax and abdomen have a distinct greenish color which in
Boving and Champlain was described as clay yellow. This dis-
crepancy is undoubtedly due to the fact that their description was
based on larvae which had been preserved in alcohol.

Pupa (fig. 1)

Head with four spines forming a single row on upper portion
of face. Pronotum with a row of ten stamineous spines along
anterior margin, five spines along each margin, a series of seven
spines just anterior to the mid-line with the two on each side of
the center caudad to the rest of the series, an inverted triangle
of three spines in the posterior half. Legs with an anterior
femoral spine three-fourths of the distance from the base to the
apex, each pair also with a spine on the posterior margin of the
femur, the intermediate pair of legs with a second adjacent
spine. Abdomen with a small group of median lateral spines, a
single pair of spines on the posterior margin of each tergite and
one on each side of the mid-dorsal line, each pair increasing in
length from anterior to posterior.

When first formed, color entirely white, head folded under the
prothorax. After seventh day, eyes light brown, head and notum
evenly flecked with irregular purple spots, dorsal and lateral
margins of abdomen heavily pigmented with purple with the ex-
ception of a thin mid-dorsal line which is green, ninth abdominal
segment and caudal appendages white. Mandibles, labial palpi,
maxillae, maxillary palpi, clypeus, antennae, legs and wings all
white until fifteenth day. First brown pigmentation of tips of
mandibles on fifteenth day following pupation, tarsal claws
pigmented on eighteenth day, mouth parts and all appendages
becoming increasingly suffused with brown from twentieth to
twenty-fifth day. Emergence on twenty-fifth day.

Judging from the pupal description given by Balduf for
Cymatodera undulata Say, the spine pattern may prove to be the
easiest method of separating pupae of this genus.

July, 1945]

MACSWAIN— CYMATODERA OVIPENNIS

99

Cymatodera ovipennis has been found at elevations of several
hundred to seven thousand feet throughout Western North Amer-
ica. The adults are nocturnal and are most frequently taken in
light traps or at light during the summer months.

The first two specimens which were encountered in this study
were collected in the dead branches of Sambucus at Mineralking,
Tulare County, California, August 10, 1939, by G. E. Bohart.

Fig. 1. Pupa of Cymatodera ovipennis LeConte, X6%.

Two larvae were obtained from a total of over three hundred
twigs, which were being used by numerous aculeate Hymen-
optera for nesting purposes. One had fed on a cell series of
Hoplitis ( Alcidamia ) sp. and then constructed a resting cell in
the pith of the twig to one side of the bees burrow. This larva
was placed in a large shell vial with a cork stopper. Within a
few days the larva had cut a small circular hole in the cork and
hollowed out a pupal cavity. This cell was constructed so as to
leave only a very thin, almost membranous, shell of cork separ-
ating it from the external environment. Similar behavior was
reported by Linsley and MacSwain (1943) for Trichodes ornatus.
The cork was later split open and reinserted in the vial to allow
frequent observations. On each examination the larva became

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[VOL. XXI, NO. 3

active but no change was observed for almost two years. Pupa-
tion finally occurred on July 9, 1941, and the adult emerged on
August 8, 1941. The second larva was found in a twig containing
the remnants of a cell series of Osmia sp. This larva was pro-
vided with a similar environment, but pupation had not occurred
by August, 1941, although a larval skin was shed on March 18,
1941. This specimen was killed and preserved for future study.

Other specimens were obtained as follows: one dead adult and
larval skins from a dead branch of Sambucus containing de-
stroyed cells of Osmia sp. at Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County,
California, on July 10, 1940, two larvae (one immature) and
one pupa in the dead branches of Sambucus containing old cell
series of Ceratina acantha submaritima (Ckll.) at Kyburz, El
Dorado County, California, July 26, 1941, and one dead larva
in Sambucus containing old series of Osmia sp. at Mt. Rose,
Washoe County, Nevada, July 27, 1941.

The normal duration of the life cycle of this species remains
a matter for conjecture, but from the material at hand, it would
seem likely that it involves one or more years, with larval feed-
ing confined to the first year. All attempts to feed larvae after
they had constructed their resting cells were unsuccessful.

Literature Cited

Balduf, W. V.

1926. On the habits and development of a checkered beetle
( Cymatodera undulata Say, Cleridae). Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soc., 52:29-37.

1935. The Bionomics of Entomophagous Coleoptera . Swift Co.,
St. Louis, Mo. 200 pp. (Cleridae, pp. 107-111).

Blaisdell, F. E.

1892. Notes on the habits of some species of Coleoptera ob-
served in San Diego County, Calif. Insect Life, 5:33-36.

Linsley, E. G. and MacSwain, J. W.

1943. Observations on the Life History of Trichodes ornatus
(Coleoptera Cleridae), a Larval Predator in the Nests
of Bees and Wasps. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 36 (4) :589-
601.

July, 1945]

VAN DYKE— COLEOPTERA

101

NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA

BY EDWIN C. VAN DYKE

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco

Carabidae

Trechus humboldti Van Dyke, new species

Rather small, robust yet gracefully formed, rufopiceous with
antennae, legs and ventral surface rufous. Head broadly elevated
at middle, bounded laterally by deep arcuate sulci, the occiput
smooth or very minutely rugose posteriorly, the eyes moderately
prominent, and antennae somewhat moniliform and reaching be-
hind base of prothorax. Prothorax about as broad as long, cordi-
form, apex emarginate, sides arcuate in front, sinuate behind with
hind angles right angled, margin rather broad, reflexed and wider
behind, disk convex, smooth and shining, with deep median longi-
tudinal groove extending from anterior transverse impression to
base, and with a broad and deep impression within each hind angle.
Elytra oval, about twice as wide as prothorax, moderately convex,
with seven striae, the four inner ones deeply impressed, complete
and distinctly punctured, the outer ones feebler, and two small
foveae on third striae, one near base, the other at middle. Beneath
smooth and shining. Length 4.5 mm., breadth 2 mm.

Holotype (No. 5434, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.), a unique
male, collected by myself in the dense redwood region near
Orick, Humboldt County, California, July 5, 1931.

This very graceful species probably belongs to the group with
ovipennis but it differs from it and its relatives by having a
longer and cordiform prothorax, quite transverse in ovipennis ,
the elytra more distinctly oval, quite elliptical in most ovipennis,
and very distinctly and deeply striate on the disk. Though most
specimens of ovipennis have been collected in the San Francisco
Bay region, it does extend along the coast as far north as British
Columbia and of course is to be found in Humboldt County.
Specimens of a phase of Trechus chalyhaeus Mann., a more
northern species, have also been collected only a short distance
north of Orick, at Crescent City.

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Badi&ter mexicanus Van Dyke, new species

Moderate in size, black, antennae, legs and mouth parts testa-
ceous; narrow side margin of prothorax and elytra, as well as
epipleurae somewhat rufous, head and pronotum alutaceous and
somewhat dull, the elytra shining and irridescent. Head with eyes
quite prominent, the antennae reaching three segments beyond
hind margin of prothorax. Prothorax about twice as wide as long,
almost one-fourth broader than head, apex emarginate, sides arcu-
ate in front, straight and converging behind, the hind angles ob-
tuse, feebly rounded, the lateral margin narrow and slightly re-
flexed; the disk with median longitudinal line deeply impressed,
the anterior transverse impression quite evident and the posterior
impressions extensive. Elytra about one-fourth longer than broad,
a third broader than prothorax, base emarginate, sides almost
straight and feebly divergent to posterior fourth, thence gradually
rounded to apex; the disk feebly convex, all striae complete and
well impressed, the intervals flat, second striae with two vague
foveae and the marginal striae with numerous punctures. Beneath
smooth and shining. Length 5.5 mm., breadth 2.75 mm.

Holotype female (No. 5435, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) a
unique specimen collected at Oaxaca, Mexico, July 20, 1937,
and received from the collector, M. A. Embury.

This species, the first of the genus to be found in Mexico,
would appear to be most closely related to our well-known
micans Lee. It differs from the latter by being more robust, pro-
portionally broader, with the elytra less parallel-sided, the an-
tennae not at all piceous, the lateral lighter colored margins of
both prothorax and elytra narrower and the elytral striae more
deeply impressed.

Monotomidae

Hesperobaenus fenyesi Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subdepressed, rufous, antennae and legs lighter in
color, the entire upper surface alutaceous. Head flattened above,
rather coarsely, closely punctured, eyes moderately prominent,
with sides behind eyes parallel to posterior constriction. Pro-
thorax slightly longer than broad, disk feebly convex, the coarse
punctures approximately their own width apart, sides straight or
very feebly arcuate and convergent to base, with margin crenu-
lated, the base finely margined. Elytra over twice as long as
broad, about one-fourth longer than forebody and perceptibly
broader, striae finely, sharply impressed and rather finely punc-
tured, the punctures their own width apart in general and with
short recumbent setae arising from them, the intervals broad and

July, 1945]

VAN DYKE — COLEOPTEBA

103

flat. Beneath rather finely, sparsely punctured in front and be-
hind more coarsely punctured on the metapleurae. Length 2.75
mm., breadth 1 mm.

Holotype (No. 5436, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) and seven
paratypes from Pasadena, California, six collected in March
and two in July, by Dr. Adalbert Fenyes. Besides these specimens
in the Fenyes collection, we have in the Academy collection,
three from Sierra Madre, Los Angeles County, February 17,
1909, in the Van Dyke collection, one from Poway, San Diego
County, in the Blaisdell collection, and one from the Placer
Ranger Station, Madera County, collected on Alnus rhombi-
folio by E. F. Wohletz.

This species superficially resembles Hesperobaenus rufipes Lee.
from the eastern part of the country. It differs by being in gen-
eral a bit smaller, by having the sides of the head back of the
eyes parallel, not prominently angulated, the prothorax evidently
longer than broad, with sides less parallel, and the elytra more
finely striato-punctate. It seems to be dominantly a southern
California species that has apparently been overlooked. Our
other species in the genus are all more or less bicolored like the
common Pacific Coast abbreviatus Mots.

Melasidae

Hylus (Hypocoelus) arizonicus Van Dyke, new species

Robust, somewhat elongate, subparallel; coal black, subopaque,
apex of last antennal segments and tarsi rufous, the upper sur-
face clothed with a rather sparse, very short, closely appressed
pile, only evident on good magnification. Head convex, with a
slight transverse impression forwards, sulcate between the eyes,
clypeus narrowed at base and transversely impressed at middle,
the entire head finely, densely, umbilicately punctured and aluta-
ceous; antennae about reaching hind angles of prothorax, rather
robust, second segment small, third long, about one and a half
times as long as broad, segments 4-6 short and transverse, 7-8
somewhat broader, and 9-11 considerably broader and longer,
forming an elongate club, the tenth the shortest and the eleventh
acute at apex; the eyes moderately prominent. Prothorax slightly
broader than long, apex transverse, sides straight and parallel
behind, arcuate from middle and gradually convergent towards
apex, base bisinuate and hind angles acute, prominent and ex-
tending backwards; the disk convex, with a well impressed median
longitudinal line, the surface rather finely, densely umbilicately
punctured and alutaceous, the base with a definite margin. Elytra

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with striae well impressed, the strial punctures more or less vague,
the intervals feebly convex and finely rugose. Beneath densely
punctured, more coarsely in front and more finely behind and alu-
taceous. Hind coxal plates triangular. Length 7 mm., breadth
2.5 mm.

Holotype, presumably a male (No. 5437, Mus. Calif. Acad.
Sci., Ent.) a unique collected by myself high up in the Chirica-
hua Mountains, Arizona, July 16, 1942.

This very distinct species is one of our larger species, but
little smaller than the recently described robustus Van Dyke. It
may be readily distinguished from all of our species by its size,
its coal black color, and rather short antennae which have the
three terminal segments gradually though definitely enlarged so
as to form an elongate club.

Buprestidae

Acmaeodera lagunae Van Dyke, new species

Robust, cuneiform, moderately flattened, aeneous, the elytra
generally with a more greenish lustre than the forebody though
often the reverse, upper surface moderately clothed with rather
long, erect, dark pile, the under surface with a sparser, more de-
pressed, gray pile; the pronotum immaculate, the elytra with vari-
able markings though the general pattern is as follows : the third
and fifth intervals spotted with yellow at base, the third usually
with a few adidtional scattered spots, the lateral interval yellow
for at least its basal third but the marking not quite reaching the
basal margin, and from three to four conspicuous transverse ma-
culations, the largest at the middle, irregular, and extending in-
wards to about the fifth interval, a narrower one, one-half the
distance between this and apex, and one to two smaller, often in-
terrupted maculations between this latter and apex. Head coarsely,
densely punctured, longitudinally impressed at middle; antennae
extending beyond middle of prothorax, segments 5-11 moderately
serrate. Prothorax somewhat more than twice as broad as long,
expanded at the posterior third where broader than elytra; the
disk coarsely punctured, the punctures well separated at center,
approximate laterally, a broad, somewhat triangular, longitudinal
impression at center and moderately well impressed foveae between
this and basal angles, the lateral margin well developed, com-
pletely, feebly reflexed, yet because of incurving not seen near
base when viewed from above. Elytra moderately flattened, striae
only distinctly impressed at sides and towards apex, strial punc-
tures coarse and closely placed at sides, much finer and better
spaced near suture, the intervals on disk flat and with a few fine,
scattered punctures, the third and fifth often elevated near base,

July, 1945]

VAN DYKE— COLEOPTERA

105

the humeral umbone also prominent, the lateral intervals generally
quite convex especially posteriorly. Beneath, but moderately, rather
sparsely punctured in front, more coarsely and densely on posterior
ventral segments. Pro sternum feebly retracted and bisinuate at
apex, last ventral with distinct, transverse plate near apex. Length,
type, 10 mm., breadth 4 mm., length in series varies from 7 mm.-
11 mm. and breadth from 2.5 mm-4 mm.

Holotype (No. 5438, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) and nu-
merous designated paratypes from a series of sixty-five specimens,
collected by E. S. Ross and G. Bohart, at La Laguna, Sierra
Laguna, Lower California, October 14, 1941.

This species is undoubtedly related to Acmaeodera scapularis
Horn and the larger specimens closely simulate it, and both are
confined to the Cape Region of Lower California. Acmaeodera
lagunae differs from scapularis by being proportionally less
broad in front, by having the prothoracic margin complete and
by never having a yellow spot near its base, by having the pro-
notal impressions far less pronounced, the fifth elytral interval
never carinate as it is in scapularis and the strial punctures never
as coarse near the suture as they are in the other, where all strial
punctures are quite similar, very coarse and approximate. The
color pattern is quite similar but the median bar is generally very
broad in scapularis. The color pattern of Acmaeodera flavostica
Horn is even closer but this species is proportionally shorter and
belongs in another group.

Acmaeodera transversa Van Dyke, new species

Elongate, subcylindrical, of moderate size, black, elytra feebly
bronzed, pronotum immaculate; elytra with a short, transverse
yellow bar near base extending from second to sixth interval, a
narrow transverse yellow bar extending from the second to eighth
interval situated at the middle, a narrow oblique yellow bar ex-
tending from the third to sixth interval, midway between pre-
ceding and apex, a short transverse spot, also yellow, extending
from second to fourth interval, a short distance in front of apex,
a small elongate yellow spot behind the humeral umbone and a
bright red spot of fair size at the outer extremity of the oblique
bar which extends outwardly from the eighth to the eleventh or
marginal interval. Head with well spaced, rather coarse punc-
tures, a feeble longitudinal impression at middle, antennae short,
barely reaching middle of pro thorax, segments 5-11 serrate, and
with short, sparse, semierect gray pile. Prothorax one-third broader
than long, a little narrower than base of elytra, apex feebly bi-
emarginate, sides moderately arcuate, gradually narrowing from

106 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ V0 L. XXI? N0 . 3

base to apex, the lateral margin narrow, not readily visible when
viewed from above because of the bulging sides of pronotum and
dense pile placed along the sides, the disk convex, rather coarsely
and densely punctuated medially, with a sparse, semierect pile
above and a patch of dense, white pile along the lateral margin.
Elytra twice as long as broad, sides sinuate before the middle, and
gradually narrowed posteriorly to blunt apex; the disk feebly con-
vex, humeral umbone moderately prominent, the striae well im-
pressed and rather coarsely, densely punctured in front and more
finely punctured behind as well as confined to the striae; the in-
tervals towards suture flattened, and convex towards sides and
with a single row of fine punctures, from which arise very short
gray setae, most evident apically. Beneath moderately coarsely,
densely punctured on prosternum, very coarsely punctured on
propleurae, more finely on abdomen, sparsely in front and densely
behind, the apical segment with a short, transverse plate in front
of apex, the center of all abdominal segments quite smooth and
naked while the sides are clothed with a dense, silky, white pile
as are also the meso and metapleurae. Prosternum at apex, feebly
retracted, the center emarginate and with a prominent tooth on
each side of the emargination. Length 8 mm., breadth 3 mm.

Holotype (No. 5439, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent. ), a unique
collected at Las Animas, Sierra Laguna, Lower California,
October 12, 1941, by E. S. Ross and G. Bohart.

This very distinct, quadribalteate species probably belongs in
the second or sinuate series of the Acmaeodera. It, however,
stands more or less apart, its black or feebly metallic color, sub-
cylindrical form, short, sparse elytral setae, and dense white
pubescence at the sides of the ventral segments as well as the
brilliant red spot at the sides of the elytra posteriorly, giving it
a distinctive appearance.

Acmaeodera nautica Van Dyke, new species

Moderately elongate, somewhat flattened and cuneate; a bright
blue above, the elytra ornamented with yellow as follows: a yellow
line on the marginal interval just back of the humerus, a broad
spot extending from the sixth interval to margin, at middle, a nar-
row transverse bar extending from the fourth interval to margin,
half way between middle and apex, and two small marginal spots,
one very small, in front of the last and another, somewhat larger
near apex; the upper surface sparsely clothed with dark, erect
pile, the under surface with much sparser, somewhat inclined gray
pile. Head rather coarsely, densely punctured, feebly longitudi-
nally impressed at middle; antennae reaching middle of prothorax,
segments 5-11 serrate. Prothorax over twice as broad as long,
slightly expanded in front of base where somewhat broader than

July, 1945]

VAN DYKE— C0LE0PTERA

107

elytra, apex feebly biemarginate, sides subangulate, almost parallel
behind, straight and convergent in front, the margin distinct,
slightly reflexed, complete and readily seen from above; the disk
coarsely, cribately punctured at sides, less coarsely and densely
medially, the median longitudinal impression well marked, the
basal impressions small, foveiform, and distant from the hind
angles. Elytra about twice as long as broad, sides feebly sinuate
in front of middle, and feebly arcuate and gradually narrowed to
blunt apex; the disk somewhat flattened with a moderate depres-
sion at base near suture, the humeral umbones distinct, the striae
finely, sharply impressed at middle and finely, rather closely punc-
tured, more broadly and deeply impressed at sides and with the
punctures coarser, the intervals medially flattened and with a row
of fine, well spaced punctures along their middle, the intervals at
the sides quite convex. Beneath, a bluish black color, coarsely,
rather densely punctured in front, very finely and sparsely on the
abdomen. Pro sternum feebly retracted in front, the shallow median
emargination without marginal teeth. The last ventral segment
without evident ventral plate near apex. Length 11 mm., breadth
4 mm.

Holotype (No. 5440, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.), a unique
collected near Lafayette, Contra Costa County, California,
September 3, 1943, and submitted by Dr. E. G. Linsley.

This attractive species, because of its bright blue color, at first
sight suggests mariposa Horn, but because of its shape and color
pattern appears to approach more closely to prorsa Fall. The
yellow maculations are of similar size and similarly placed. The
species differs, though, from prorsa not only by being blue in-
stead of bronze, but by being proportionally a bit shorter, with
the prothorax less widely expanded, and the punctuation of the
median areas of both pronotum and elytra far less coarse and
dense.

Agaeocera gentilis peninsularis Van Dyke, new subspecies

This subspecies agrees with typical gentilis in regard to most
fundamental characters but differs by being a little bit more
robust and proportionally broader, of a dark bronze or cupreous
color, both above and beneath, not a bright green as in gentilis,
by having the head and pronotum more distinctly alutaceous and
much more coarsely punctured and rugose, and the elytral intervals
quite distinctly elevated and carinate towards suture and apex.
Length 13 mm., breadth 5 mm; paratype length 16 mm, breadth
6 mm.

Holotype (No. 5441, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.), a specimen
collected 15 miles N. of San Ignacio, Lower California, Sep-

108

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 3

tember 29, 1941, and paratype, from Todos Santos, Lower Cali-
fornia, October 10, 1941, both collected by E. S. Ross and G.
Bohart.

Most records that I have seen for typical gentilis, give west-
ern and southwestern Texas as its habitat. Sharp in the “Biologia
Centrali-Americana,” gives Coahuila and Villa Lerdo in Durango,
Mexico. In the collection of the California Academy of Sciences,
besides twelve Texas specimens, mostly from near El Paso, we
have one from Grant County, N. Mexico (Coll, by R. T. Kellogg),
and Mexican specimens from Lerdo (Fenyes Coll.) Torreon and
Villa Juarez (Coll, by M. A. Embury). Near El Paso, I collected
several specimens on a species of mallow. I know of no specimens
from Arizona or the west coast of Mexico, though the very dis-
tinct Agaeocera scintillans Water, is found in southern Arizona,
Sabino Canyon, as well as on the west coast of Mexico, the states
of Sonora and Sinoloa, thus apparently wedging in between the
two phases of gentilis. In time we may find that the two are in
reality, geographically separated. In that case, we would be justi-
fied in elevating peninsualris to specific standing, but until we get
more material, I feel that it is best to keep them as phases of the
same species.

Since my review of the Buprestidae of Lower California (Pro-
ceed. Calif. Acad. Sc., Vol. 24, pp. 97-132, 1942), a second expe-
dition has been made to that region by Dr. E. S. Ross, this time
accompanied by George Bohart. This expedition besides securing
the two new Acmaeodera, lagunae and transversa, described in
the preceding pages, and the new subspecies of Agaeocera, added
a number of new records to our list of Buprestidae from Lower
California. They are as follows:

Acmaeodera flavomarginata Gray. San Pedro, 15 miles N. of
San Ignacio, Las Animas, Sierra Laguna, San Venacio, and 20
miles N. of Comondo.

Acmaeodera scapularis Horn. Las Animas, San Venacio and
Agua Caliente.

Acmaeodera gibbula Lee. Las Animas and 15 miles S. of San
Domingo.

Acmaeodera clausa Horn. Pescadero.

Acmaeodera opinabilis Fall. Big Canyon, Sierra Laguna.

All of the above localities are in Lower California and all speci-
mens collected in these localities were by Ross and Bohart and
during October, 1941.

July, 1945]

SMITH AND LINSLEY— VANESSA

109

Additions to the Lower California list of species, overlooked
in my previous paper, are:

Paratyndaris olneya (Skinner), 15 miles S. of San Domingo
(Ross and Bohart Coll.). This species has generally been col-
lected in various places in southern Arizona and several were
taken at Jacumba, San Diego County, California, by W. F. Barr.

Paratyndaris albojasciata Knull, 25 miles S. of Santa Rosalia
(Ross and Michelbacher Coll.) . The type locality for this species
is Tucson, Arizona.

T aphrocerus schae fieri Nicolay and Weise, Big Canyon, Sierra
Laguna. (Ross and Bohart Coll.). This species has previously
been collected in Southern Arizona, in the State of Sonora, Mex-
ico, and on various islands in the Gulf of California as Santa
Isabella Island (Academy Expedit. 1932).

MIGRATION OF VANESSA CARDU1 (LINN.)

The following observations on the spring movement of the
painted lady, Vanessa cardui (Linn.), were made during 1945.
For a fuller account of the habits of this butterfly see Williams
(1930, The Migration of Butterflies xi - 473 pp. Oliver and Boyd,
London). On April 16, 1945, adults of Vanessa cardui were ob-
served flying in a northeasterly direction at numerous points in
the vicinity of Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County, California. No
massed flights were observed but all individuals were flying in
the same general direction. At a point 5 miles south of Antioch
counts were made of the numbers passing a single station. The
weather was clear and a breeze was blowing rather briskly from
the northwest. At 3:00 p.m., 48 specimens passed a line about 70
yards wide in ten minutes. Another count along a road gave 26
specimens passing a line 100 feet wide. Most individuals were
flying two to four feet above the ground although a few flew as
high as twenty feet. They were flying approximately 20 m.p.h.
Most of the specimens were worn. On April 23 the numbers were
considerably reduced and by April 26 only an occasional speci-
men could be seen flying. — Ray F. Smith and E. Gorton Linsley.

110

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 3

FURTHER NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF PLEOCOMA

(Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)

BY E. GORTON LINSLEY
University of California, Berkeley

Pleocoma venturae Linsley, new species

Male: Form large, robust, broadly oblong-oval, only moderately
convex; integument mostly dark or reddish-brown; pubescence
golden yellow. Head coarsely punctate, with a broad smooth band
extending from antero-basal angle of ocular canthi to base of
vertical horn; clypeus moderately coarsely, irregularly punctate,
clothed with long erect hairs, anterior process with anterior face
nearly vertical, slightly concave, apex deeply, obtusely notched,
apical angles moderately acute; vertical horn elongate, gradually
narrowed toward apex, apex with a broadly arcuate notch, surface
clothed with long hairs; ocular canthi projecting forward slightly
from a right angle, anterior margin slightly concave; palpi and
antennae reddish, lamellae brownish, scape conical, about twice as
long asi apical width, second segment moniliform, about twice as
wide as long, third segment elongate, slender, about as long as
scape, at least three times as long as greatest width, fourth seg-
ment with an acute process, segments five to eleven distinctly
lamellate, lamella of fifth segment two-thirds as long as that of
sixth, lamella of sixth more than three-fourths as long as that of
seventh segment, that of eighth a little shorter than ninth, lamella
of ninth segment longest, those of tenth and eleventh segments
decreasing in length, ratios of segments five to eleven 26:36:43:
44:45:42:38. Pronotum approximately twice as wide as long,
barely widest at posterior angles, posterior angles rounded, ante-
rior concavity a little more coarsely punctate than disk, sub-
glabrous, lateral discal impressions usually at middle, pubescence
fine, sparse; legs clothed with long, golden hairs. Elytra together
about one-fourth longer than broad, surface shining, finely, sparsely
punctate, geminate striae very feeble. Abdomen reddish-brown,
sternites coarsely but irregularly and not closely punctate. Length
27.5 mm.

Female: Form elongate oval, widest behind middle; color dark
reddish-brown. Head with clypeus broadly expanded apically,
angles prominent, median notch shallow; vertical horn very short,
consisting of little more than a pair of lobes; antennae pale red-
dish, lamellae brownish, fourth segment angulate, fifth with a
short lamella, sixth to eleventh forming club. Pronotum twice as

July, 1945]

LINSLEY— PLEOCOMA

111

broad as long, widest at posterior angles, distinctly and closely
punctate, punctures larger and denser anteriorly, disk with a
vague, sparsely punctate, median longitudinal line; scutellum gla-
brous, sparsely punctate. Elytra widest behind middle, length to
breadth as 28:23, surface deeply but irregularly punctate. Length
38 mm.

Holotype male (No. 5462, Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) and twenty-
seven paratypes, also males, from Squaw Flat, Sespe Canyon,
Ventura County, California, December 11, 1937 (R. E. Bar-
rett) . I have associated with these, but not designated as allo-
type, a female, supposedly from Sespe Canyon but with the
locality open to question, also from the collection of Mr. Barrett,
to whom the writer is very much indebted for the privilege of
studying the species.

P. venturae is a member of the conjungens group. It differs
from conjungens by its larger size (male 24-30 mm. as compared
with 20-23.5 mm.; female 38 mm. as compared with 26-28 mm.),
the fourth antennal segment angulate, not lamellate, and the
ocular canthi of the male projecting at an angle. The female
further differs from that of conjungens by having the clypeus
broadly expanded and angulate with the margin shallowly
notched, and the pronotum and elytra more deeply punctate.
From P. lucia, it differs in having a distinct lamella on the fifth
segment of the antennae which is at least half as long as that of
the sixth segment, and the pronotum widest at the basal angles.
It also differs from lucia in size (26-28 mm. as compared to 23
mm.). From the remaining members of the conjungens group,
blaisdelli, hirsuta, nitida, and badia it may be immediately dis-
tinguished by the sparsely punctate, sparsely hairy, anterior pro-
notal impression.

Pleocoma australis Fall

Males of this species were captured during a heavy rain at
Mountain Center, San Jacinto Mountains, California, October 24,
1941, by Mr. D. DeLeon. At 3 P.M. on the same day, additional
specimens were captured during a drizzling rain 2 miles north
of Kenworthy Ranger Station, also in the San Jacinto Mountains.
On October 26, 1940, males were flying at Lake Hemet 1 , the only
other record from the San Jacinto Mountains.

1 Linsley, E. G. 1941, Pan-Pacific Ent., 17 :152.

112

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 3

Pleocoma badia Fall

Three males of P. badia were taken by Mr. R. E. Barrett on
Strawberry Peak, Tujunga Canyon, Los Angeles County, Califor-
nia, December 1, 1922. In one example the pronotum is piceous,
as is true also of one specimen in my series from Mt. Wilson,
the only previously known locality for the species.

Pleocoma behrensi LeConte

To the recorded localities for this species may be added Half
Moon Bay, San Mateo County, California, October 30, 1937 (L.
Jensen). This provides the most extended record for the species
in a southwesterly direction.

Pleocoma fimbriata LeConte

Previously known only from El Dorado County (Placerville
and Snowline) and Placer County, California. Taken at Nevada
City, Nevada County, California, October 26, 1940, by W. F.
Barr.

Pleocoma rickseckeri Horn

This species has heretofore been known only from the type
locality: Sylvania, Sonoma County, California. It also occurs at
Santa Rosa, Sonoma County and in Napa County at Angwin,
California, where males were captured flying in the rain, on
November 9, 1940, by Mr. M. I. Sherman.

Pleocoma tularensis Leach

Specimens in the collection of Mr. B. E. White are from 10
miles south of Mariposa, Mariposa County, California, providing
the northernmost record for this species. Males were also taken
at Northfork, Madera County, California, December 14, 1936, by
T. W. Daniel.

Pleocoma hirticollis vandykei Linsley

A series of more than one hundred males and sixteen females
of this subspecies, captured at Patterson Pass, Alameda County,
California, by R. F. Smith, R. W. L. Potts, A. E. Michelbacher,
and the writer, has afforded an opportunity to investigate varia-

July, 1945]

LINSLEY— PLEOCOMA

113

tion in size, as determined by measurements of length from apex
of clypeal horn to apex of elytra. The results follow:

Males Females

Length in

Number of

Length in

Number of

millimeters

specimens

millimeters

specimens

20.0

2

24.5

1

20.5

4

25.0

2

21.0

4

25.5

1

21.5

17

26.0

2

22.0

22

26.5

3

22.5

24

27.0

2

23.0

20

27.5

2

23.5

11

28.0

1

24.0

9

28.5

1

24.5

2

29.0

1

115 16

Although the size ranges indicated above are outside of those
ascribed to P. hirticollis hirticollis Schaufuss (males: 25-28 mm.;
females: 33 mm.), this is probably the result of a different
method of measurement. Of more significance, perhaps, is the
relatively narrow size range evident in the sample. It remains
to be seen whether or not other species exhibit a similar uni-
formity.

A male of vandykei was captured at Lafayette, Contra Costa
County, California, on November 5, 1944, by R. F. Smith.

Pleocoma dubitalis Davis

Males and females of P. dubitalis dubitalis Davis were cap-
tured by K. M. and D. M. Fender, along Baker Creek, about 8
miles westnorthwest of McMinnville, Yamhill County, Oregon, on
October 23, 1938. Elytra and other fragments have also been
found by Mr. and Mrs. Fender along Panther Creek, 2 miles
north of McMinnville. In the Baker Creek area, males were
captured flying near dusk through sparse woods of Douglas fir,
Pseudotsuga taxifolia, during the fall rainy season. Males were
also taken along rather hard packed paths, as many as four or
five together, attempting to dig down to females.

Pleocoma sp.

Imperfect specimens of an undetermined species of Pleocoma
were taken in a forested area near Lyonsville, about 30 miles

114

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 3

east of Red Bluff, Tehama County, California, in the fall of 1935
by A. N. Smoot. They represent the first record for the genus in
Tehama County and appear to belong to the shastensis-carinata-
simi group.

Pleocoma sp.

Mr. H. H. Keifer has called my attention to larvae of Pleocoma
from Leona Valley, Palmdale, Los Angeles County, California,
where they were injuring apple roots. It is not possible at pres-
ent to state just what species these represent, but in view of the
nearness of the locality to the Sierra Madre Mountains it is pos-
sible that they may prove to be P. badia Fall, or, a little less
likely, P. hirsuta Davis.

Pleocoma sp.

In the University of California collection there is a female
Pleocoma from Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa County, California, col-
lected by Mr. L. M. McQuesten. No species has been recorded
previously from this mountain and in view of its isolation it is
highy probable that it represents an undescribed species. The
specimen clearly belongs to the behrensi group and appears to
be related to sonomae Linsley as indicated by the 4-lamellate
antennal club with the seventh antennal segment transverse, an-
gulate but not lamellate. The vertical horn is very shallowly
notched at the apex, the clypeus rounded.

FRANK E. BLAISDELL, SR.

Dr. Frank E. Blaisdell, Sr., has retired from active research
work on the Coleoptera at the California Academy of Sciences,
San Francisco. His present address is 22 High Street, Watsonville,
Santa Cruz County, California.

July, 1945]

SMITH AND POTTS— PLEOCOMA

115

BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON PLEOCOMA HIRTICOLLIS

VANDYKEI LINSLEY

(Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae)

BY R. F. SMITH AND R. W. L. POTTS

University of California, Berkeley

The discovery of this species in considerable numbers results
in the establishment of a habitat new to the Pleocominae. Here-
tofore the known and recorded habitats were primarily in a forest
association, secondarily in chaparal, now, for the first time, a
habitat is known in the open, hilly grassland. The following
fragmentary notes are therefore of interest.

Collection data: January 21, 1944, near Patterson Pass,
eastern Alameda County, California, three elytra of a Pleocoma
were found at two ground squirrel middens by the authors. Oc-
tober 30, 37 S 8 were collected by E. G. Linsley and Ray F.
Smith. November 4, 78 S £ and 17 2 2 were collected by E. G.
Linsley, A. E. Michelbacher, and the authors. November 14,
A. E. Michelbacher and Ray F. Smith were unable to find speci-
mens at the locality after a week of dry weather.

Locality data: Approximately one-half mile east of summit
of Patterson Pass, extending about one-fourth mile south and
one-half mile north of road, altitude between 1,150 and 1,350
feet, in the rolling, grassy hills extending from Mount Diablo
southward, forming the western boundary of the San Joaquin
Valley.

The general aspect is of grass pasture land in an area of nu-
merous hillocks, gentle slopes and small gullies. The entire area
slopes in a more or less northeasterly direction, following a small
intermittent tributary of Mountain House Creek. The drainage,
in general, is good but one or two small ponds form in winter
where there is no outlet to the stream.

The soil, as described by Cole, et. al. 1 , belongs to the Linne
series and the greater part of the area is a dark brownish hard
adobe with some rock outcrop of the clay loam phase. Most of
the females were taken near this latter, although they were not
limited to this part of the area, being found south of the road as
well.

1 Cole. R. C., et. al., 1943. Soil Survey of the Tracy Area, California, TJ.S.D.A.
Soil Survey Series 1938 (5) :95 pp. illus., 1 map.

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 3

In the spring the entire area is covered by such plants as
Er odium, Echinocystis fabacea, Lupinus, Trifolium, Viola pedun-
culata, Broadiaea capitata. Ranunculus calif ornicus, and a num-
ber of grasses. As is common in this hilly area most of the
pasture land is covered with introduced plants. It is not known
whether this station has ever been cultivated, but the area has
been pastured for at least three years. The rather deep gully
alongside the station contained the characteristic stream border
plants of this area, such as Salix, Sambucus, Rosa, etc.; how-
ever, the beetles were definitely not associated with any of these.

Ground squirrel burrows are common at the northern portion
of the site and scattered everywhere. Stenopelmatus and spider
holes are also exceedingly numerous.

Specimens were taken over a wide area, although they were
more concentrated near the outcrop before mentioned and at and
near a small gully to the south of the road.

Weather data: As previously recorded 2 , emergence of cer-
tain Pleocoma depends on a soaking rain of about one-half inch
or more. This proved true for vandykei as well. Records for the
season of 1944 are as follows for nearby points:

Date

Localities

Livermore

Young Ranch

Lathrop

2 mi. NE
Livermore

October 20-21.

.09

.10

.04

.11

October 30-31.

.68

.85

1.01

.93

November 3-5-

1.09

.74

.72

.93

No vember 7

.27

.25

.23

.31

The Lathrop station is approximately 20 miles to the east in
the San Joaquin Valley. The Livermore station is 9 miles to the
west, on the other side of the hills. The Young Ranch is nearest
to the locality and in a somewhat similar area 2.25 miles to the
northwest.

In the Patterson Pass area there probably was a light rain of
about a tenth of an inch on October 20 and 21. The second rain
of the season, October 30 and 31, would have been about three-
fourths of an inch, or more. The third rain, November 3 to 5,
was about equal in precipitation.

Male flight behavior: Males were observed flying from
12:00 noon until 6:15 P.M., under conditions that varied from a

®Linsley, E. G. 1935. New Species of Pleocoma with notes concerning others.
Pan-Pac. Ent., 11(1) :14.

July, 1945]

SMITH AND POTTS— PLEOCOMA

117

heavy rain to late afternoon sunshine to after dark, and from a
slight breeze to a strong northwest wind. They appeared to be
most abundant about the middle of the afternoon. On the whole,
the weather was rather cold and threatening.

The normal flight pattern was a slow sweeping flight back and
forth over the ground apparently in search for female burrows.
These searching flights were made for about 50 to 200 yards
mainly into the wind. Then a long, straight, return flight was
made down wind and the searching flight would begin again.
While going upwind the progress of the male Pleocoma was
slow and one could keep up with them by walking slowly, but
on the downwind flight one had to run hard to keep the beetle in
sight. The entire flights were frequently of long duration. In one
instance a male was followed on his route for over a mile. While
searching, the males usually flew about twelve to eighteen inches
or even less above the surface of the ground, but on the down-
wind flight they flew as high as ten to fifteen feet. When knocked
to the ground by flying into plants they would crawl a few inches
and then take wing again. Along toward dusk an occasional male
would begin to dig into the soil. This was not in search of
females, but in preparation for resting or spending the night.
Apparently the males pass the night a few inches beneath the
surface.

The males were not attracted to a Coleman lantern.

Female behavior: No females were found on October 30. On
November 4, seventeen females were removed from their bur-
rows. Most of the females were in the dry soil, i.e., below the
penetration of the rain, at depths varying from about three to ten
inches. Most of the holes were open, but in several instances the
holes had been plugged. After copulation, the female apparently
retreats to lower depths in the soil. There did not seem to be any
special area where the females were concentrated. In several
cases, one to four males were either in or near the female bur-
row. The diameter of a female burrow was measured as seven-
eighths inches. In five instances cast pupal or larval skins were
found at the bottom of the female hole.

Larvae: While digging for the adults, four larvae were un-
earthed. These were of three sizes: the smallest, about three-
eighths of an inch in length, the largest of a size approximately
equal to that of the beetle, and two about midway between. This

118

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 3

would seem to indicate a life-cycle of more than one year for this
species.

Summary : It seems evident from our observations in this
locality that Pleocoma hirticollis vandykei Linsley is a pasture
land form. A rain of about one-half inch is apparently necessary
to release the males in the fall. The males emerge before the
females and search out their burrows. They enter the female
tunnel to copulate. After copulation the female plugs her bur-
row and passes downward. The males spend the nights in small
burrows which they dig each night. The life cycle is apparently
of at least two or three years duration, the larvae feeding on one
or another, or perhaps generally on the roots of the pasture-
grassland plants.

ABUNDANCE OF HYPERA PUNCTATA (FABR.) IN 1945

Under usual conditions of weather and enemies, the clover-leaf
weevil, Hyper a punctata (Fabr.) never reaches a population level
in California where it can do economic damage. The distribution
and damage by this weevil have been discussed in a previous
note (1944, Pan-Pac. Ent. 20 (3) :120). At that time it was sug-
gested that a fungous disease of the larvae which is very common
in the winter and spring is associated with the low population
levels. In all probability this disease is dependent on weather con-
ditions for its effectiveness.

In the spring of 1945, the clover leaf weevil bred up in very
large numbers on bur clover, Medicago hispida, at various stations
in Contra Costa and Alameda counties. Larvae were very abun-
dant in April and there was little fungous disease. The absence of
the disease may be associated with the unusually dry and warm
April. These larvae reached maturity near the end of April and
early in May and adults were very abundant after the first week of
May. The adults remained abundant in the grasslands for about
three weeks or until the plants were completely dried up. At this
time numerous complaints were received from home gardeners
and others situated near the open uncultivated area. The adult
weevils moved into the yards and houses in very large numbers
and caused considerable annoyance. The adults were also observed
collecting at watering troughs.

In 1944, a similar outbreak occurred in Scott Valley, Siskiyou
County. In this case the clover leaf weevil caused considerable
defoliation to alfalfa. — Ray F. Smith and A. E. Michelbacher.

July, 1945]

ESSIG — HY ALOPTEROIDES PALLIDA

119

HY ALOPTEROIDES PALLIDA THEOBALD, AN APHID
NEW TO NORTH AMERICA

(Hemiptera, Aphididae)

BY E. O. ESSIG

University of California, Berkeley

This very interesting and little-known aphid was recently
collected on orchard grass, Dactylis glomerata L., growing in a
greenhouse on the campus of the Oregon State College, Corvallis,
Oregon, on February 24, 1945, by D. C. Mote and H. E. Morrison.
The latter succeeded in taking a good series of all stages of
apterous and several alate females. The alates were the first of
this stage so far procured. The specimens were forwarded in
alcohol to me for determination. In response to my request another
collection was made by Mote and Morrison on April 12, so that
altogether some 50 adults were prepared and mounted on micro-
scopic slides, some of which were returned to the collectors. The
aphid is a pale yellowish-green species somewhat pulverulent and
of a grayish or whitish cast. It occurs in seclusion between the
culmns and leaves or in the heads and may also possibly occur at
the bases of the plants and even about the roots.

The history of this aphid is short and interesting. It was
described as a new genus and new species by F. V. Theobald
(Entom. 49:51-2, 1916) from a single adult apterous female taken
in a nest of the black ant, Acanthomyops niger (L.), at Porlock
Weir, Somerset, England, May 14, 1915. Its most marked charac-
ters are the presence of 4 or 5 sensoria on antennal segment III
of the apterae ; the large, almost spineless cauda ; the small, corru-
gated cornicles ; and the row of 18-20 circular sensoria on antennal
segment III of the alatae which extend over the full length of the
segment excepting the basal area. Later Theobald (Plant Lice or
Aphididae of Great Britain, 1 :224-5,1926) reported other apterous
specimens taken on a potato leaf at Swordale, Evanton, Ross-
shire, Scotland.

While collecting aphids in England, I was fortunate enough to
take a large series of additional apterous forms of this aphid by
sweeping grasses along the roadside, at Reigate, Surrey, England,
on May 20, 1937, shortly before leaving that country. Specimens
of these, in my collection, have served for the identification of the
Oregon specimens.

120

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 3

Since this insect has never before been observed in North
America it may possibly have been introduced. However, there is
as yet no possible clue as to how this may have occurred. So far
as known the aphid is of no great economic importance.

CEPHENEMYIA JELLISONI TOWNSEND (DIPTERA
CUTEREBRIDAE) REARED FROM NASAL
BOT OF BLACKTAILED DEER

BY CARLTON M. HERMAN
California Division of Fish and Game
San Francisco, California

Very few Cephenemyia spp. have been reared in captivity.
Numerous attempts by the author, prior to the one reported here,
were unsuccessful.

On January 22, 1945, Warden C. L. Gourley examined a deer
( Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ) found dead near Big Bar,
Trinity County, California, at an elevation of approximately
1,250 feet. Three maggots were removed from the nasal cham-
bers, wrapped in waxed paper and shipped to the author for
study. On examination after arrival in San Francisco on Janu-
ary 25, the specimens were found to be two fully pigmented
third stage larvae and a pupa of Cephenemyia sp. All three
specimens were placed in a closed pint jar and kept at room
temperature. The two larvae pupated within a few days but col-
lapsed in the process. A fly emerged from the pupal case on
February 15, 1945, after a period of 21 to 24 days.

The fly was identified as Cephenemyia jellisoni Townsend.
Identification was verified by Dr. M. T. James of the U. S.
National Museum. The specimen has been deposited in the col-
lection of the Division of Entomology and Parasitology of the
University of California at Berkeley.

The only other published record of the successful rearing of
this fly in captivity was reported by Jellison (1935, Proc. Hel-
minth. Soc., Washington 2:69) from maggots collected from deer
(' Odocoileus hemionus) in Montana on April 28. The several
flies he was able to rear all required a pupal period of more
than 50 days. Jellison originally reported his specimens as C.
pratti, but they were later described as C. jellisoni by Townsend
(1941, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 49:161-163).

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS,

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Vol. XXI

October, 1945

No. 4

THE

Pan -Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

CONTENTS

FERRIS AND USINGER, NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF AMERICAN

POLYCTENIDAE 121

MAO, SYNOPSIS OF THE MEXICAN SPECIES OF CARDIOCHILES

NEES 125

MacSWAIN, nesting habits of ANDRENA RHODOTRICHA 134

Delong, a new genus— retusanus— and five new species

OF MEXICAN LEAFHOPPERS 135

VAN DYKE, A STAPHYLINID BEETLE NEW TO CALIFORNIA 140

POTTS, A NEW COENONYCHA FROM CALIFORNIA 141

COOLEY, IXODES TOVARI, A NEW SPECIES FROM MEXICO 144

SCHUSTER, AN INTERESTING NEW BRACHYPTEROUS SPECIES OF

PHOTOPSIS 149

FENDER, A NEW LARICOBIUS FROM OREGON 152

ROSS, A NEW TRIBE AND GENUS OF NEMATINE SAWFLY 153

RAPP AND SNOW, CATALOGUE OF APIOCERIDAE OF THE WORLD 157
TITLE PAGE, TABLE OF CONTENTS AND INDEX FOR VOLUME XXI

San Francisco, California
1945

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

E. C. Van Dyke
Associate Editor

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• On military leave

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

VOL. XXI, No. 4

October, 1945

NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF AMERICAN
POLYCTENIDAE

(Hemiptera)

BY G. F. FERRIS, Stanford University
AND R. L. USINGER, University of California

The present paper is a supplement to the revision of “The
Family Polyctenidae” (Ferris, G. F. and Usinger, R. L., 1939,
Microentomology, 4(1) :l-50, 25 figs.). The additional material
that has become available since 1939 includes eleven slides
kindly sent to G. F. Ferris by A. da Costa Lima from the Insti-
tute de Oswaldo Cruz, one slide loaned to G. F. Ferris by Dr. J.
Bequaert from the Venezuelan collections of Pablo J. Anduze,
and two slides loaned to R. L. Usinger by Dr. Robert Matheson
of Cornell University. One of the Cornell specimens is likewise
from Venezuela (Anduze) and the other is the specimen upon
which Matheson based his Costa Rican record of Hesperoctenes
tarsalis.

Morphology

The Brazilian material from da Costa Lima includes a last
stage nymph of Hesperoctenes eumops Ferris and Usinger and
two unidentifiable nymphs with perfectly distinct dorsal abdom-
inal scent glands located on the posterior margins of the 4th,
5th and 6th abdominal segments. It is not clear why scent glands
are visible in these specimens and not in the other polyctenid
nymphs available for study. The polyctenid scent glands resem-
ble the nymphal glands of the bed bug and are another point of
similarity between the two families. A search in adult poly-
ctenids for metasternal scent glands similar to those found in the
Cimicidae failed to reveal any comparable structures. However,
the “second pit of undetermined homologies” located “near each
sternal apophyseal pit” (Ferris and Usinger, 1939) is in the
proper place and may represent the scent gland opening that is
so typical of Cimicoidea and most other Heteroptera.

The ventral surface of the polyctenid head appears to differ
from that of other Heteroptera in that the posterior tentorial pits

122

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

of the head are adjacent to the inner limits of the genal ctenidia.
By definition, then, (Snodgrass, 1935) the median region poste-
rior to these is apparently the gula rather than the hypostomal
bridge as in other Heteroptera. Hence the small comb at the
posterior margin of the ventral surface of the head should be
called the “gular comb.”

Hesperoctenes eumops Ferris and Usinger

Seven slides of this species are at hand including one teneral
adult male in poor condition, one perfect adult female and five
nymphs. These are the specimens referred to by Ferris and
Usinger (p. 22) as “Hesperoctenes species.” They are labelled
“ ? Hesperoctenes longiceps Waterhouse, Malossus perotis, Cam-
pos, VI-1920, A. C. Pestana Coll.” and were prepared and de-
termined by da Costa Lima. The well-preserved female differs
from typical eumops only in having slightly fewer (12) stout
bristles on the metapleurites. In the shape of the head, general
chaetotaxy, body proportions, and size this female falls well
within the range of variation exhibited by the typical California
series of eumops. The male has the apex of the intromittent
organ distinctly sinuate but this is probably due to the fact that
the specimen is in a bad state of preservation.

Hesperoctenes fumarius (Westwood)

A single male specimen from Turrialba, Costa Rica, 2500
feet, August 7, 1927, W. V. Hamilton, has been received from
Dr. Matheson. It bears a label “ Hesperoctenes tarsalis Horv.”
(Matheson, 1928, Parasitology 20:174) and may, indeed, be
that species although, if so, it can scarcely be maintained as
distinct from typical West Indian fumarius. The specimen agrees
perfectly with Cuban specimens of fumarius except for the naked
middle and anterior portions of the metasternum. However, the
metasternum shows some evidence of bristles having been broken
off. The fourth antennal segment is slightly longer than the
second or third but is attenuated apically, possibly due to shrivel-
ing. The specimen is 2.4 mm. in length.

Dr. S. C. Bruner has five specimens of typical fumarius from
Molossus tropidorhynchus Gray collected from the buildings of
the Estacion Experimental Agronomica at Santiago de las Vegas
by L. C. Scaramuzza.

oct. 1945]

FERRIS AND USINGER— FOLYCTENIDAE

123

Hesperoctenes limai Ferris and Usinger, new species

Head longer than broad, 24 : :22 ; labrum less than half as long
at middle as total width, 5::12%, rather evenly rounded ante-
riorly. Chaetotaxy of dorsal surface as in longicevs. Genal ctenidia
rather evenly rounded in general outline, the teeth rather strongly
projecting postero-laterally at sides. Gular bristles wanting.
Proportion of antennal segments one to four as % :1% :1% :1]4 >
the first segment with nine short, stout spurs along anterior and
basal margins and with longer bristles distally.

Pronotum half again as broad as long and about one-fourth
broader than head. Mesonotal pads as long as pronotum, each pad
about one-fifth narrower than length of pronotum or mesonotal
pad. Elevated area of prosternum a little longer than broad at
base, the anterior margin with seven very stout bristles laterally.
Elsewhere on anterior half with longer, more slender bristles and
with shorter bristles posteriorly on the disk, especially laterally
(a few of the central ones apparently broken off). Metasternum
with numerous very fine bristles near posterior and lateral mar-
gins. Metapleurites with eight or nine irregularly directed, stout
bristles arranged in two or three ill-defined rows.

Size: male 3.44 mm., female 3.86 mm.

Holotype, female, Lassance, Brazil, April 13, 1935, Em-
manuel Dias, collector, C. L. prep. Allotype, male, Sitin DU
Matto, Bahia, Brazil, April 13, 1935, Emmanuel Dias, collec-
tor, C. L. prep.

Nearest to longiceps with which it agrees in absence of gular
bristles, in its exceedingly long labrum, its relatively long, nar-
row head and dense bristles posteriorly on metasternum. It
differs from longiceps in its smaller size, its more numerous and
differently arranged metapleural bristles and the narrower head
anteriorly with larger labrum.

Hesperoctenes parvulus Ferris and Usinger, new species

Head (including labrum) as long as broad; labrum less than
three times as broad as length on median line, 8::3 (almost 4
times as broad as long in cartus, 21%::5%, and over four times
as broad, 19M>::4, in vicinus ) . Genal ctenidia as seen from above
rather strongly rounded immediately behind first antennal seg-
ment, following lateral margins of head posteriorly and laterally,
the teeth scarcely exceeding sides of head. Gular bristles seven
or eight in number, with two of these near the center set slightly
forward. Proportion of antennal segments one to four as
2% :4:3% :3%, with seven stout spurs on outer anterior side of
first segment beneath.

124

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXI, NO. 4

Pronotum slightly more than half again as broad as long,
3::2 a /4, much as in cartus. Mesonotal lobes scarcely shorter than
pronotum, a single lobe being one-fifth longer than broad. Elevated
portion of prosternum about as long as broad, the disk with five
very stout bristles laterally on anterior margin and twenty-six
more slender bristles arranged roughly into three rows anteriorly.
Behind these the disk is almost entirely naked except for about
one dozen small bristles laterally on apical half. Metasternal
bristles confined to the areas immediately adjacent to posterior
and lateral margins. Metapleurites with only six or eight very
stout bristles irregularly arranged into two rows.

Chaetotaxy of upper surface of entire body much as in cartus.

Size: female 2.28 mm.

Holotype, female, Sta. Maria de Epire, Guarico, Venezuela,
September, 1937, Pablo J. Anduze, received from Dr. J. Bequaert.
The specimen was taken from Glossophaga longirostris Miller, a
bat belonging to the family Phyllostomidae. A second female
from the same locality on “Vampire bat,” 1936, appears to be
slightly teneral. It differs in its slightly larger size, 2.4 mm.,
and in possessing only 5 gular bristles arranged in an irregular
row.

Closest to cartus and clearly a member of the compact cartus-
vicinus group, having bristles at middle of hind margin of head
beneath and very sparsely placed bristles over the entire dorsal
surface. The head is as long as broad and the gular bristles are
8 in number arranged in an irregular, almost double row, thus
resembling cartus. Vicinus has a shorter, broader head and fewer
bristles arranged in a single row. The elevated portion of pros-
ternum is naked at middle with only a few bristles posteriorly
and laterally, thus still more closely resembling cartus with
which it likewise agrees in chaetotaxy of metapleurites. The most
distinctive feature of parvulus is the relatively longer and nar-
rower labrum. In addition, parvulus is about two-thirds of a
millimeter smaller than cartus, the female holotype being the
smallest Hesperoctenes as yet described.

THE CHAMBERLIN COLLECTION OF BUPRESTIDAE

The California Academy of Sciences has acquired the Collec-
tion of Buprestidae of Dr. W. J. Chamberlin, of Corvalis, Ore-
gon. — Edwin C. Van Dyke.

OCT. 1945]

MAO— CARDIOCHILES

125

SYNOPSIS OF THE MEXICAN SPECIES OF CARDIOCHILES

NEES

(Hymenoptera, Braconidae)

BY YING-TOU MAO
University of California, Berkeley

The Mexican species of Cardiochiles were first treated by
Cresson in 1873, five species being described; and Szepligeti in
1902 described another species from Mexico. Including the two
new species here described there are, therefore, eight Mexican
species known to science. They may be separated by the follow-
ing table:

1. Eyes bare 2

- Eyes hairy 3

2. Head, thorax, abdomen and legs entirely black ....noctis, new sp.

- Thorax in part, abdomen entirely, and legs more or less red
bicolor (Szepligeti)

3. Head and thorax more or less yellowish or ferruginous 4

- Head and thorax entirely black 5

4. Stigma brownish-yellow; wings yellowish; coxae yellow, poste-
rior parts with black markings; scape lemon-yellow; face punc-
tate ornatus (Cresson)

- Stigma blackish; wings dark fuliginous; coxae black; scape

black; face smooth and polished thoracicus (Cresson)

5. Wings hyaline on basal half, fuliginous on apical half

mexicanus (Cresson)

- Wings entirely fuliginous 6

6. Malar furrow about as long as the basal width of the mandi-
ble; hind femora and tibiae red longimala, new species

- Malar furrow not nearly as long as the basal width of the

mandible; hind femora and tibiae black 7

7. Fore tarsus and middle tarsus with fifth segment longer and

thicker than the second; fore femur and tibia largely black
aethiops ( Cresson)

- Fore tarsus with second and fifth segments about equal; mid-

dle tarsus with second segment longer than the fifth; fore
femur and tibia largely brownish-yellow orizabae (Cresson)

Cardiochiles aethiops (Cresson), new combination

Toxoneuron aethiops Cresson, 1873, Canad. Ent., 5:66-67, $.

The following redescription is from the type.

126

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[ VOL. XXI, NO. 4

Female. Length 5.5 mm. Black; pedicel, fore femur and fore
tibia apically, and last four segments of fore tarsus yellowish
brown; wings fuliginous. Head. Antennae incomplete; scape and
pedicel with slightly longer pubescence than the flagellum; eyes
hairy; ocelli elevated, the distance between the two posterior
ocelli slightly longer than that between either of these and the
anterior ocellus, and the area around them depressed; vertex
smooth and shining; frons impressed, smooth, shining and with
a low median longitudinal carina; face smooth, shining and with
a short median tubercle above; clypeus smooth, shining and notched
on the apical margin medially; temple narrower than the eye in
dorsal view; galea short. Thorax. Lateral face of pronotum
wrinkled medially; notaulices foveolate; mesoplauron smooth
and shining, upper groove rugose in middle portion, lower groove
weakly foveolate, the posterior groove foveolate with a smooth
impression from the middle leading anteriorly to the lower groove;
metapleuron rugose, median ventral part of its anterior portion
plain; propodeum rugose, carinae distinct and high, areola dia-
mond-shaped, spiracle ovate and situated before the middle of the
spiracular area. First abscissa of radius thicker and longer than
that of basal vein; third and fourth abscissae of cubitus about
equal; second abscissa of cubitus and recurrent vein about equal;
interanal vein represented by a pigmented line. Fifth segment of
fore leg longer and thicker than second or third; middle leg also
with the fifth tarsal segment longer and thicker than the second
or third, and tibial spur about as long as the basitarsus; apex of
hind tibia not thickened, tibial spur about three-fourths as long as
the basitarsus which is shorter than the remaining four segments
combined, second tarsal segment slightly longer than the fifth and
the third shorter than the fifth, hind claws pectinate basally.
Abdomen. First abdominal suture extending obliquely forward
laterally; second tergite slightly shorter than the third medially;
hypopygium about as long as the second and third tergites com-
bined, plowshare-shaped; ovipositor sheath about as long as the
first two segments of hind tarsus combined, pubescent.

The type female, the only known specimen, is from Cordova,
Mexico (Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia).

Cardiochiles bicolor (Szepligeti), new combination
Toxoneuron bicolor Szepligeti, 1902. Term. Fiizet., 25:78, $.

The following is simply a translation of the original descrip-
tion.

Smooth; head transverse, maxillary palpi 5-, labial palpi 4-
segmented; ocelli not located on summit of vertex; eyes bare, occi-
put not margined and only slightly excavated. Antenna 42-seg-
mented, third segment as long as the obovate scape. Mesonotum

oct. 1945]

MAO— CARDIOCHILES

127

divided; median lobe broad, not prominent. Propodeum pubescent,
areolate. First intercub itus angled, without stump of a vein;
third abscissa of radius weakly marked, transparent and arching
almost bowlike to the wing tip; anal cell divided; radial cell of
hind wing not divided. The longer spur of hind tibia half as long
as the metatarsus ; tarsal segments 2-5 much more slender than the
the first. First abdominal segment shorter than its apical width,
almost triangular, strongly narrowed anteriorly, with two longi-
tudinal furrows defining a triangular area; following segments
transverse and of about equal length; hypopygium large.

Black; mesothorax (except median lobe), scutellum, femur of
hind leg, the tibiae (tip of posterior tibia brown), tarsi of fore
and middle legs and abdomen, red. Wings brown, stigma dark.
Length 9 mm., ovipositor sheath short, wedge-shaped. Mexico.

Type in the Hungarian National Museum, Budapest.

Cardiochiles longimala, new species

Male. Length 5.5 mm. Black; fore femur except base, apical
half of middle femur, hind femur, and tibiae except inner apex of
hind tibia, ferruginous; tibial spurs dark and those of hind leg
dark ferruginous. Head. Antenna 35-segmented; scape and pedi-
cel with longer pubescence than the flagellum; eye hairy; ocelli
slightly elevated and the distance between two posterior ocelli
longer than that between either one of these and the anterior
ocellus; vertex smooth, shining, and slightly sloping toward frons;
frons impressed, smooth, shining, and with a low median longi-
tudinal carina; face smooth, shining, with a low median tubercle
above and the median line below slightly elevated; clypeus smooth,
slightly shorter than the face, its apical margin notched medi-
ally; malar furrow slightly shorter than the basal width of the
mandible; temple and eye of about equal width in dorsal view;
galea moderate, not conspicuously long. Thorax. Lateral face of
pronotum medially rugose; notaulices distinct, smooth; mesopleu-
ron smooth and shining, upper groove finely rugose, lower groove
finely foveolate, posterior groove foveolate with a smooth curved
groove from the middle leading anteriorly to the lower groove;
metapleuron rugose, median ventral part of its anterior portion
smooth and shining; propodeum rugose, transverse carina low,
the other carinae moderately high, spiracle ovate. First abscissa
of radius longer and thicker than that of basal vein; fourth
abscissa of cubitus slightly less than twice as long as the third;
second abscissa of cubitus and recurrent vein about equal; inter-
anal vein represented by a pigmented line. Fifth segment of fore
tarsus longer than the second; inner spur of middle tibia about
three-fourths as long as the basitarsus, second segment of middle
tarsus longer than the fifth which is about equal to the third;
apex of hind tibia not thickened, inner spur slightly over half as
long as the basitarsus, basitarsus about as long as the next three

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tarsal segemnts combined, second tarsal segment longer than the
third and third longer than the fifth, hind tarsal claws pectinate
basally. Abdomen. First abdominal suture extending obliquely
forward laterally; an oblique groove on each side of the second
tergite halfway between median line and the margin; third tergite
about 1.50 times as long as the second.

Type. Male, Guadalajara, Mexico, August 2, 1914 (U. S.
National Museum, No. 57295). This species is very similar to
C. floridanus (Ashmead) except for the longer malar space.

Cardiochiles mexicanus (Cresson), new combination
Toxoneuron mexicanum Cresson, 1873. Canad. Ent., 5:66-67, $ $.

The following redescription is from the type.

Female. Length 7 mm. Black, a spot on outer upper orbit
yellowish-brown; about apical 0.40 of fore wing and tip of hind
wing fuliginous. Head. Antennae incomplete; scape and pedicel
with longer pubescence than the flagellum; eye hairy; ocelli
slightly elevated, the distance between the two posterior ocelli
longer than that between one of these and the anterior ocellus;
vertex slightly sloping toward frons, smooth, shining, and about
as long as frons; frons impressed, smooth, shining, and with a
low median longitudinal carina; face shining, with a short median
tubercle above, and the median line slightly elevated; clypeus
shining, plain, notched on apical margin medially; temple and
eye of about equal width in dorsal view; galea short. Thorax.
Lateral face of pronotum weakly rugose medially; notaulices
f oveolate, distinct and deep ; mesopleuron smooth and shining,
upper groove flat, weakly rugose, lower groove foveolate, and
posterior groove foveolate with a smooth groove from the middle
leading anteriorly to the lower groove; metapleuron rugose,
median ventral part of its anterior portion shining and plain;
prop odeum rugose, carinae moderately high, spiracle transverse.
First abscissa of radius slightly longer than that of basal vein;
fourth abscissa of cubitus about 1.30 times as long as third; second
abscissa of cubitus longer than recurrent vein; interanal vein
absent. Fifth segment of fore tarsus longer than the second or
third; inner spur of middle tibia slightly shorter than basitarsus,
second and fifth segments of middle tarsus about equal, the third
shorter than the fifth; apex of hind tibia not thickened, tibial
spur about 0.60 as long as the basitarsus, basitarsus shorter than
the remaining tarsal segments combined, second segment longer
than the fifth, and third and fifth about equal; hind tarsal claws
pectinate basally. Abdomen. First abdominal suture extending ob-
liquely forward laterally; second tergite slightly shorter than the
third medially; hypopygium about as long as the second to fourth

oct. 1945]

MAO— CARDIOCHILES

129

segments of hind tarsus combined, and plowshare-shaped; oviposi-
tor sheath (fig. 1A) about as long as the first two segments of
hind tarsus combined, pubescent.

Male. Essentially similar to the female.

The type female, Cordova, Mexico; and two paratypes, one
female and one male, Mexico (Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia) ; the paratype female has second abscissa of
cubitus and recurrent about equal. One male, Mexico (U. S.
National Museum).

Cardiochiles noctis, new species

Female. Length 7 mm. Black, outer and upper parts of inner
orbit ferruginous; apical half of mandible dark reddish; spur of
fore tarsus dark ferruginous; eye grayish-black. Head. Antenna
35-segmented; scape and pedicel shining, with longer pubescence
than the flagellum; eye bare; ocelli slightly elevated; vertex shin-
ing, and slightly sloping toward frons; frons shining, impressed,
and with a median longitudinal carina; face with a short median
ridge above, below which there is a more or less triangular eleva-
tion; clypeus with its basal margin slightly elevated medially, its
aipcal margin truncate and slightly arched inward and not
notched; temple and eye about equal in dorsal view; galea short.
Thorax. Lateral face of pronotum rugose medially; median lobe
of mesonotum with a slight depression along each side of the low
median longitudinal elevation; notaulices distinct and foveolate;
mesopleuron with upper and lower grooves foveolate, and poste-
rior groove rather coarsely foveolate with a smooth depression at
the middle anterior to the groove; metapleuron rugose with the
median lower part of its anterior portion smooth; propodeum
rugose, its carinae high and distinct, and propodeal spiracle ovate
and elevated. First abscissa of radius longer and thicker than
that of basal vein; third abscissa of radius slightly shorter than
fourth; second abscissa of cubitus shorter than recurrent vein;
second abscissa of submedius slightly longer than first; interanal
vein represented by a short stump continued by a pigmented line.
Fifth segment of fore tarsus longer than the second; inner spur
of middle tibia about two-thirds as long as basitarsus, second
tarsal segment slightly shorter than fifth; outer apical margin of
hind tibia thickened, slightly flaring, but not forming a strong proc-
ess; inner spur of hind tibia about half as long as basitarsus; basi-
tarsus shorter than the next four tarsal segments combined, second
tarsal segment longer than the fifth; taral claws pectinate basally.
Abdomen. First abdominal suture slightly curved cephalad to the
margin; second tergite shorter than the third; hypopygium plow-
share-shaped, about as long as the first three tergites combined;
ovipositor sheath (fig. IB) with short pubescence except at base,
about three-fourths as long as the hypopygium.

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[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

Male. Essentially similar to the female, but the propodeal
carinae low or not distinct.

Type. Female, Meadow Valley, Mexico. C. H. T. Townsend
(U. S. National Museum, No. 57296). Paratypes. Four females
and three males apparently collected at the same locality by the
same collector.

Cardiochiles ornatus (Cresson), new combination
Toxoneuron ornatum Cresson, 1873. Canad. Ent., 5:66, 69, $.

The following redescription is from the type.

Male. Length 6 mm. Head lemon-yellow; thorax and abdomen
light brownish-yellow; eye grayish-black; flagellum brown; the
following parts black: tubercle on the medium upper part of face;
a spot on frons including ocelli, and from this a narrow band ex-
tending to summit of each eye and then to occiput; lower part of
proepistemum; posterior median margin of lateral face of prono-
tum; two broad vittae on median lobe of mesoscutum separated
by a narrow median line, and one broad vitta on each lateral lobe
of mesoscutum; tegula; mesoscutellum except lateral and posterior
margins; a u-shaped band between lower and posterior grooves on
upper half of mesopleuron; mesosternum; a large spot and a small
one laterally, and a large spot ventrally, on hind coxa; a spot on
each side of first tergite posteriorly; tergites 3 to 7 except for
narrow apical margins; inner side of hind femur and tibia. Wings
yellowish, veins and stigma pale brown, or brownish-yellow.
Head. Antennae incomplete; scape and pedicel with longer pubes-
cence than the flagellum; eye hairy; ocelli slightly elevated, the
distance between the two posterior ocelli longer than that between
either one of them and the anterior ocellus; frons impressed,
smooth, shining, with a median longitudinal carina; face punctate,
slightly depressed medially, and with a short median tubercle
above; clypeus punctate, its apical margin notched at the middle;
temple broader than the eye in dorsal view; galea short. Thorax.
Lateral face of pronotum smooth and shining; notaulices moder-
ately foveolate, deep ; mesopleuron shining, upper groove punctate,
lower groove weakly foveolate, and posterior groove shallowly
foveolate; metapleuron rugose, median ventral part of its anterior
portion and anterior part of its posterior portion smooth and shin-
ing; prop odeum somewhat plain, all carinae high and distinct and
spiracle transverse. First abscissae of radius and basal vein about
equal, but the former thicker than the latter; third abscissa of
cubitus slightly shorter than the fourth; second abscissa of cubitus
and the recurrent vein about equal; inter anal vein absent. First
segment of fore tarsus longer than the second; inner spur of
middle tibia slightly shorter than basitarsus and fifth tarsal seg-

Apex of abdomen and ovipositor sheath of C. mexicanus (A),
C. noctis (B), C. orizabae (C). Ovipositor sheath of C. thoraci-
cus (D).

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[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

ment longer than second; apex of hind tibia not thickened, its
inner spur about three-fourths as long as basitarsus; posterior
basitarsus about as long as the other four tarsal segments com-
bined, second tarsal segment longer than the fifth, third and fifth
about equal; hind tarsal claws pectinate basally. Abdomen. First
abdominal suture extending obliquely forward laterally; second
tergite about half as long as third.

Type male, Cordova, Mexico.

The type of this species was not recorded by Cresson, 1916,
in “The Cresson Types of Hymenoptera” (Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc.,
No. 1), but the author found a specimen in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia labeled Toxo
neuron ornatum. It fits the description and is considered to be
the type.

Cardiochiles orizabae (Cresson), new combination
Toxoneuron orizabae Cresson, 1873. Canad. Ent., 5:66-67, $.

The following redescription is from the type.

Male. Length 4.2 mm. Black; fore leg yellowish-brown, coxa
trochanters and base of femur black, apex of tibia, tibial spurs
and tarsus dark yellowish-brown; knee of middle leg yellowish-
brown; wings light fuliginous. Head. Antenna 30-segmented;
eye hairy; ocelli slightly elevated; vertex about as long as frons,
smooth, shining; frons impressed, smooth, shining, and with a
low median longitudinal carina; face smooth, shining, and with
a short median tubercle above; clypeus smooth, shining and with
its apical margin notched at the middle; temple and eye about
equal in dorsal view; galea short. Thorax. Lateral face of pro-
notum wrinkled medially on anterior half; notaulices finely
foveolate; mesopleuron smooth, shining, upper anil lower grooves
finely foveolate, posterior groove coarsely foveolate, with a smooth,
curved groove from the middle leading anteriorly to the lower
groove; metapleuron rugose, median ventral part of its anterior
portion smooth and shining; propodeum rugose, carina moderately
distinct and high, spiracle ovate and situated before the middle
of the spiracular area. First abscissa of radius longer and thicker
than that of basal vein; fourth abscissa of cubitus about 1.50
times as long as the third; second abscissa of cubitus and recur-
rent vein about equal; interanal vein represented by a pigmented
line. Fifth and second segments of fore tarsus about equal; inner
tibial spur of middle leg about as long as basitarsus, second tarsal
segment longer than fifth, and third and fifth about equal; apex
of hind tibia not thickened, inner tibial spur about two-thirds as
long as basitarsus, which is about as long as the next three tarsal
segments combined, second tarsal segment longer than the third,
and third longer than the fifth; hind tarsal claws pectinate basally.

OCT. 1945]

MAO — CAEDIOCHILES

133

Abdomen. First abdominal suture extending obliquely forward lat-
erally; third tergite slightly over 1.50 times as long as the second.

Female. Essentially similar to the male. Hypopygium about
as long as the hind basitarsus, plowshare-shaped and its median
ventral line folded longitudinally ; ovipositor sheath (fig. 1C) about
as long as the first three segments of hind tarsus combined, and
pubescent.

Type male, Orizaba, Mexico (Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia) ; one female, Cordova, Mexico, F. Knab (U. S.
National Museum).

Cardiochiles thoracicus (Cresson), new combination

Toxoneuron thoracicum Cresson, 1873. Canad. Ent., 5:68, $.
Toxoneura thoracica Ashmead, 1894. Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., 3:49,
51, 2 S.

The following redescription is from the type.

Female. Length 4.5 mm. Head ferruginous; antenna, lower
end of the cheek, and lower end of face between cheek and clypeus
black; eye grayish-black; apical margin of clypeus dark ferru-
ginous; thorax, abdomen and legs black; pronotum, proepister-
num, mesonotum, tegulae, upper part of mesopleuron, apical third
of fore femur, and fore tibia and tarsus, ferruginous; wings fuli-
ginous. Head. Antennae incomplete, scape and pedicel with longer
pubescence than the flagellum; eye hairy, ocelli elevated; vertex
smooth, polished, and flat; frons smooth, polished, distinctly im-
pressed, and with a median longitudinal carina; face slightly less
than twice as wide as long, smooth, polished, its median line
slightly elevated, and with a very indistinct short median ridge
above; clypeus about 1.50 times as wide as long, smooth, polished,
and notched on apical margin at the middle; temple broader than
the eye in dorsal view; malar furrow about 0.75 as long as the
basal width of mandible; galea short. Thorax. Median portion of
the lateral face of pronotum rugose; median lobe of mesoscutum
without a longitudinal impression on each side of the median line;
notaulices foveolate; mesopleuron smooth, polished, its upper and
lower grooves foveolate and its posterior groove rather coarsely
foveolate with a short smooth impression from the middle leading
to the lower groove; anterior portion of metapleuron smooth and
polished and posterior portion rugose, anterior half plain; pro-
podeum rugose, carinae high and distinct, and spiracle ovate,
situated before the middle of the spiracular area. First abscissa
of radius 1.50 times as long as that of basal vein; third abscissa
of cubitus shorter than the fourth; recurrent vein slightly longer
than the second abscissa of cubitus and about one-half as long as
the second abscissa of basal vein; nervulus postf ureal by about
0.33 its own length; interanal vein absent. Second and fifth seg-
ments of fore tarsus about equal; apex of hind tibia not thickened

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[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

and expanded into a flaring process; inner spur of middle tibia
longer than the basitarsus, second and fifth tarsal segment about
equal; inner spur of hind tibia about 0.80 as long as the basi-
tarsus, basitarsus shorter than the last four tarsal segments com-
bined, and second and third tarsal segments longer than the fifth;
hind claws pectinate basally. Abdomen, First abdominal suture
extending obliquely forward laterally; second tergite slightly
shorter than the third medially; ovipositor sheath (fig. ID) about
0.67 as long as the abdomen.

Male. Essentially similar to the female; a transverse black
band on vertex between eyes; clypeus notched rather strongly.

Type female, Cordova, Mexico, and a male labeled Mexico
(Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia). One male from
Arizona recorded by Ashmead is not in the U. S. National
Museum collection.

NESTING HABITS OF ANDRENA RHODOTRICHA LINSLEY

(Hymenoptera-Andrenidae)

Andrena rhodotricha was originally described from specimens
collected by G. E. Bohart and the writer at Berkeley, California 1 .
It has subsequently been taken by C. D. Michener on Salix. On
March 14, 1939, this species was found nesting in a perpendicu-
lar five foot bank on the south side of Dwight Way Hill, Berke-
ley. The burrows were constructed among the large basal roots
of a California laurel growing on the top of the bank. The bur-
row entrances were all within four to five inches of each other
and were frequently hidden by roots or cracks in the ground.
They were 5 mm. in diameter and penetrated the moist clay soil
as a smooth circular hole for from three to six inches. Numerous
cells were constructed along each burrow and were seldom more
than an inch away from those in the same or adjacent series. All
of the bees had emerged and several females had constructed
fresh burrows, the cells of which were waxed, and provisioned
with a spherical ball of pollen measuring 5 mm. in diameter. The
eggs were white, slightly bowed, and 3 mm. long by less than
1 mm. wide. This species was also found nesting at the Orinda
Crossroads, Contra Costa County, in February, 1940. The mature
bees were unemerged and were taken from cells among the roots
of a California buckeye at the top of a six foot bank. — J. W.
MacSwain.

1 Linsley, E. G. 1939. New species of andrenid bees from California. Pan-
Pac. Ent., 15:155-162.

oct. 1945]

Delong— retusanus

135

A NEW GENUS— RETUSANUS— AND FIVE NEW SPECIES
OF MEXICAN LEAFHOPPERS

(Homoptera, Cicadellidae)

BY DWIGHT M. DeLONG

Department of Zoology and Entomology, Ohio State University

The members of the Genus Retusanus are characterized by
being densely covered by minute brown spots. They are appar-
ently Deltacephaloid in type, the elytron resembling the vena-
tion of this group. There are many costal veinlets, the central
anteapical cell is long, the outer anteapical cell is shorter and it
is often divided into two or more cells. The vertex is flat or
concave between the eyes and forms a definite margin with the
front. The vertex is rather short and broadly rounded on the
margin. The long ovipositor exceeding the long narrow p3^gofer
indicates a definite relationship to the Aconuran group.

Type of genus Retusanus punctatus DeLong.

The species of this genus are very similar in coloration and
appearance and can be separated by the male genital structures.
The styles and pygofer spines are quite different in the different
species while the aedeagus in lateral view shows some differences
in certain species.

Retusanus punctatus DeLong, new species

A broad headed species marked with minute brown peppered
spots. Length male 4 mm.

Vertex broadly rounded, appearing almost parallel margined,
less than two-thirds as long at middle as basal width between eyes.

Color: Vertex pale with ocelli and two spots between them just
above margin, brown. These four brown spots are about equidistant
from eyes and from each other. Remainder of vertex sparsely
marked with minute brown spots. Pronotum and scutellum brown,
densely marked with minute brown spots. Anterior margin of
pronotum behind eyes and basal angles of scutellum, rusty brown.
Elytra pale subhyaline, veins dark brown, a few minute brown
spots on clavus and basal portion. Face pale, rather evenly and
densely marked with minute brown spots.

Genitalia: Male aedeagus rather short, erect, apical third with
a broad notch dividing it into two portions, an anterior narrow
portion, blunt at apex, and a posterior broader portion with a
pointed apex. Plates about twice as long as basal width, tapered

136

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXI, NO. 4

to blunt, rounded apices. Style long, rather narrow, deeply round-
edly notched on outer margin just before apex, forming a slender,
outwardly curved apical portion which is narrow but truncate at
tip. Pygofer with a long basal spine which extends to apex of
pygofer and a short black plate with several teeth arising just
before apex of plate.

Holotype male and paratype males collected at Iguala,
Guerrero (elevation 2400 ft.), October 25, 1941, by Good and
DeLong.

Retusanus pulverus DeLong, new species

Resembling pwnctatus in general appearance but with vertex
more produced, and distinct genitalia. Length, male, 4 mm.

Vertex roundedly rather broadly produced, less than two-thirds
as long at middle as basal width between the eyes.

Color: Vertex white, ocelli brown. A pair of proximal oblique
spots just above margin at middle. The portion of the pronotum
basal to the anterior margins of the eyes densely marked with
minute brown spots. Pronotum and scutellum brown, densely
marked with minute brown spots, a white spot on each margin of
scutellum half way between base and apex. Elytra pale subhyaline
with dark brown veins, claval area and central portion of cells of
corium densely marked with minute brown spots. Face pale, a
band just below margin unmarked, the other portions of face
densely marked with minute brown spots.

Genitalia: Male plates rather short, broad at base tapered to
bluntly pointed apices. Adeagus short, erect, broadened on apical
half, broadly notched at apex forming a blunt anterior portion
and a posterior portion which is pointed on apical caudal margin.
Styles long, rather narrow, broadly shallowly excavated on outer
margin just before apex. The apical third is curved outwardly
narrowed to apex which is pointed on outer apical margin. The
pygofer has a short basal spine which is not as long as plate and
a black plate with several teeth which is just at apex of plate.

Holotype male and paratype males collected at Iguala,
Guerrero (elevation 2400 ft. , October 25, 1944, by Good and
DeLong.

Retusanus luteus DeLong, new species

Resembling punctatu-s in general appearance and coloration but
with distinct genitalia. Length — male 5 mm., female 5.5 mm.

Vertex broadly rounded, two-thirds as long at middle as basal
width between the eyes.

oct. 1945]

DeLONG— RETUSANUS

137

PLATE I

Retusanus luteus DeLong. Fig. 1. Dorsal view of head, pro-
notum and scutellum. Fig. 2. Lateral view of head, pronotum and
scutellum. Fig. 3. Female genitalia, ventral view. Fig. 4. Ante-
rior wing showing venation.

138

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXI, NO. 4

Color: Vertex pale, sparsely clothed with minute brown spots,
a pair of brown spots next ocelli and a pair of rather large brown
spots just above margin at apex. Face pale just below margin of
vertex, most of face densely marked with minute brown spots.
Pronotum and scutellum densely clothed with minute brown spots.
Elytra pale subhyaline, veins dark brown, clavus and cells on
corium sparsely clothed with minute brown spots.

Genitalia: Female last ventral segment deeply, broadly notched
from lateral angles to near base, apex of notch narrow, entire
margin embrowned. Pygofer long, narrow, ovipositor rather large,
decidedly longer than pygofer.

Male plates rather long, almost as long as pygofer and broadly
rounded at apex. Aedeagus resembling that of punctatus but
broader. The V-shaped notch at apex rather broad and reaching
about one-third the distance to base. The anterior process formed
by the notch rounded at apex, the posterior portion bears a short
tooth on inner margin of blunt apex. Styles long, concavely
narrowed on outer margins at two-thirds their length to form
rather broad apical portions which are slightly notched on outer
margin just before apex and bear a short tooth on outer margin of
blunt apex. Pygofer with a basal spine reaching only about two-
thirds the length of plate. The black plates with conspicuous teeth
are rather large and are on the margin of pygofer at about the
apices of the plates.

Holotype male and paratype males collected at Iguala,
Guerrero (elevation 2400 ft.), October 25, 1941. Allotype fe-
male collected at Taxco, Guerrero, at K. 150 (elevation 5700
ft.), October 26, 1941. Paratype males also taken at Iguala,
Guerrero, September 9, 1939. All specimens were collected by
Plummer, Good and DeLong. Male paratype collected at Paso
de Vaca, Guerrero, September 3, 1930, by Dr. Dampf.

Retusanus apicatus DeLong, new species

Resembling punctatus in general appearance and coloration but
with distinct male genitalia. Length — male 4.5 mm.

Vertex broadly rounded almost two-thirds as long at middle
as basal width between eyes.

Color: Vertex pale, ocelli brown and with two rather large
proximal brown spots just above margin at apex. Entire vertex
except anterior margin sparsely clothed with minute brown spots.
Pronotum, scutellum and face densely marked with minute brown
spots. Elytra white, subhyaline, veins dark brown, clavus sparsely
marked with minute brown spots.

Genitalia: Male plates not quite as long as pygofer, straight
on inner margins, strongly curved on outer margins to form rather
blunt apices. Aedeagus with a broad V-shaped apical notch almost

oct. 1945]

delong— retusanus

139

halfway to base forming an anterior tapered portion with a narrow
apex, and a rather narrow posterior portion with a tooth on inner
margin just before narrow rounded apex and a conspicious spine

PLATE II

Retusanus spp. Ventral and lateral views of apical portions of
abdomen of males showing genital structures.

just basad to tooth. The styles are abruptly narrowed at about
two-thirds their length by being deeply concavely excavated on
outer margins to form long slender outwardly curved apical
portions. Pygofer with basal spines as long as pygofer and a small
inconspicious black plate with several small teeth just before
apex of plate.

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

Holotype male and paratype males collected at Iguala,
Guerrero (elevation 2400 ft.), October 25, 1941, and Septem-
ber 11, 1939, by Plummer, Good and Delong. Paratype males
collected at San Geromimo, Guerrero, August 30, 1930 (M.F.
1787) and at Zincauro, Guerrero, September 2, 1930 (M.F.
1789) , by J. Parri.

Retusanus irroratus DeLong, new species

Resembling punctatus in general form and appearance but with
distinct male genitalia. Length — male 4.5 mm.

Vertex broadly, roundedly produced a little more than half as
long at middle as basal width between the eyes.

Color similar to punctatus. The face, pronotum and scutellum
heavily marked with minute brown spots. Vertex with a pale spot
around each brown ocellus, the remainder, including the median
anterior portion densely clothed with minute brown spots. Elytra
white, subhyaline, the veins dark brown, the claval and discal areas
marked with many minute brown spots.

Genitalia: Male plates short and broad, about twice as long as
basal width, convexly rounded on outer margin to blunt, rounded
apices. Aedeagus short, broad on apical half, notch at middle of
apex forming a blunt anterior portion and a pointed apical portion.
Style rather long, broadly and rather deeply excavated on outer
margin just before apex; apical third curved outwardly, apex nar-
rowed and truncate. Pygofer with a basal spine reaching beyond
apex of plates and a rather long black plate with several teeth
which arise just before apex of plate.

Holotype male and paratype males collected at Iguala,
Guerrero (elevation 2400 ft.), October 25, 1941, by Good and
DeLong.

A STAPHYLINID BEETLE NEW TO CALIFORNIA

Ocypus ater (Grav.), a European Staphylinid beetle, long
recorded from the Atlantic States and for many years from the
seaboard areas of Washington and Oregon, has recently been
found on the sea beaches to the west of San Francisco. In former
years both Dr. Blaisdell and I collected along this beach without
ever seeing it.

This species has evidently followed the role taken by numer-
ous Eurpoean species, first establishing itself in our Northwest,
then working down the coast. — Edwin C. Van Dyke.

OCT. 1945]

POTTS— COENONYCHA

141

A NEW COENONYCHA FROM CALIFORNIA

(Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)

BY ROBERT W. L. POTTS

University of California, Berkeley

Heretofore the members of this genus have been primarily
associated with chaparal. The discovery of this apparently new
species in an area of grass pastureland adds a new habitat to
those previously known. Fragmentary biological notes are there-
fore included as being of probable interest.

Coenonycha pascuensis Potts, new species

Medium-sized, narrow; pale testaceous with elytral suture,
margin and base, pronotal margin and two lateral spots, and head
slightly to considerably darker (in life with a reddish cast, lost
in dried specimens) ; metathoracic wings fully developed in both
sexes.

Male: Head largely punctate, vertex with small, irregular
largely impunctate area and front with largely clear short mesal
line above suture; front with punctures often contiguous or sub-
continguous in irregular short rows sometimes separated by one-
third to one-half the width of a puncture, punctures less dense over
vertex, again crowded over eyes; clypeus densely punctate and
punctures larger, contiguous or subcontiguous; lateral margin of
clypeus narrowly, slightly reflexed at base to strongly so at apex
and anterior margin, only slightly less elevated at middle than at
angles, not smooth on reflexed surface; clypeal suture distinct
throughout, strongly, evenly arched toward base at middle, in
shape of a bow; antennae 10-segmented. Pronotum widest at
strongly rounded hind angles which are at about middle, margin
evenly rounded behind, slightly sinuate before to the barely pro-
duced, slightly acute anterior angles; surface smooth, shining,
punctures very irregularly placed, thickest at or behind middle
toward sides (about one puncture width between), sparse anteriorly
and mesally (two to five puncture widths between), nearly absent
at base, each with a short seta. Elytra with side margins sub-
parallel; humeral umbones prominent; costae barely evident as
partial, paired rows of punctures, fourth or outer pair most
distinct; surface nearly smooth and shining, translucent, so
veins and folding of wing beneath apparent; punctures irregular
in size and placement, deep, but without distinct edges, larger
ones each with a short seta. Venter with punctures less dense than
above, small to large, metasternum longer than width of hind

142

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [yOL. XXI, NO. 4

coxal plates; foretarsi with first segment extending well beyond
apical tibial claw; all tarsal claws cleft apically, outer tooth largest
and longest. Length 8.5 mm., width 3.75 mm.

Female : Similar to male but more robust, more rounded; clypeal
margin more strongly reflexed, especially at outer angles, nearly
smooth on reflexed surface; head and pronotum not so densely
punctate, punctures more evenly spaced, setas much shorter above;
foretarsi with first segment not extending beyond apical tooth of
tibia; tarsal claws cleft subapically with inner tooth very fine.
Length 9 mm., width 4.25 mm.

Type material: Holotype male and allotype female taken in
copulation 4-2-45, two and one-half miles west of Byron, Contra
Costa County, California, in the collection of the California
Academy of Sciences (Nos. 5468 and 5469) . Eight hundred
and twenty-eight paratypes 1 from the same locality, one collected
3-8-45 by Ray F. Smith, eleven collected 3-19-45 by Ray F. Smith,
seven hundred and ninety-six collected 4-2-45 by Ray F. Smith
and the author, twenty-two collected 4-9-45 by the author, in the
collections of the author, the University of California, California
Academy of Sciences, and others. Those collected on the first
two dates and on the last date, as well as thirty-nine of the total
on 4-2-45 were taken at roots, while the remainder were taken
after dark in sweeping.

The relationships of the species are apparently with C. pallida
and C. lurida, both of which are southern California species
found on shrubs. It is closest to pallida in appearance, and keys
out with it in the Cazier and McClay key. It may be separated
from pallida by a -number of characters, the somewhat produced
and slightly acute anterior pronotal angles and slightly sinuate
margins before the hind angle, the rather inevident costae, the
presence of large punctures on the venter, the different charac-
ter of the clypeal margin apparently being the best. Unfortu-
nately all known specimens of pallida are unavailable for com-
parison at present due to war conditions. It is probable that
better characters for differentiation will be found to exist when
these specimens are again available.

This species was discovered by Mr. Smith while searching for
hibernating Diabrotica. The area where it is now known is in

1 In a Revision of the genus Coenonycha by Cazier and McClay (Amer. Mus.
Novitates 1239, July 19, 1943) paratypes from the type locality are referred to as
paratopotypes, a term which appears unfortunate, although the intended signifi-
cance is valid. Topoparatype, while lacking the euphony of the other, seems to
this author to more clearly convey the intended meaning.

oct. 1945]

POTTS— COENONYCHA

143

the open, grassy foothills to the east of Mount Diablo, in the
range which forms the western boundary of the San Joaquin
Valley. The general aspect is of pastureland. The site from
which all the specimens were taken is less than an acre in extent,
on a northeast exposure which varies in slope from about five to
thirty per cent.

The plants are primarily annuals, and a majority are not
native: Er odium botrys, Avena, Hordeum murinum, Lupinus,
Medicago hispida, Brodiaea capitata, and Echinocystis fabacea.
A few native grasses may be present in small numbers. Trees
and shrubs are absent from the area, although an occasional oak
tree occurs on the same hillside. The soil type, according to
Carpenter and Cosby 2 is Contra Costa sandy loam. Scarab larvae,
of two sizes, were found in soil samples but have not been identi-
fied as this species as yet, nor was their association with any one
plant possible.

The adults apparently spend the day partially or completely
but not deeply buried in the soil near the roots of the various
plants. Observation at the site, and soil samples brought into the
laboratory and sifted confirmed the fact that specimens were
most common in portions of the area where the soil was some-
what moist and plants were of medium height, about 6 to 8 inches.
They were less common in tall grass and manroot clumps where
the soil was more moist, nor were they common in portions of
the area where the soil was dryer and the plants short. In sweep-
ing, the specimens appeared to be most common in areas of
medium plants.

Less than six per cent of the specimens taken in sweeping
were females, whereas approximately fifty per cent of the speci-
mens taken at roots were females.

The species, so far as is known, is quite localized, not being
found in similar areas to the north a distance of only a few miles.
This absence from these areas is not positively proven as a night
search was not possible, however, a thorough day search was
completely unfruitful. It would nevertheless be the opinion of
the author that further investigation will prove the species wide-
spread in the sandy loam pastureland along the foothills border-
ing the San Joaquin Valley.

2 Carpenter, E. J. and S. W. Cosby, 1939. Soil Survey of Contra Costa County,
California, U.S.D.A. Soil Survey Series 1933 (26) :26 and map.

144

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

IXODES TOVARI, A NEW SPECIES FROM MEXICO 1

(Ixodidae)

\

BY R. A. COOLEY

Senior Entomolgist, TJ. S. Public Health Service

Ticks received for identification on March 14, 1945, from Dr.
Raul M. Tovar, Departamento de Investigaciones Medicas, Hos-
pital General, Mexico D. F., Mexcio, included seven lots of an
Ixodes which is new to science and is here described and figured.

Accession records, all from “hares,” are as follows:

21618, Bravo, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 19 adults, 4 nymphs, 2
larvae ;

21620, Torrecilla, Guanajuato, Mexico, 1 male, 1 female;
21621, Comontoso, Guanajuato, Mexico, 1 male, 1 female;
21623, Bravo, Neuvo Leon, Mexico, 6 males, 1 nymph;

21624, Bravo, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 1 male;

21625, Bravo, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 2 males, 1 nymph;

21628, Bravo, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 1 nymph.

Ixodes tovari Cooley, new species

FEMALE

Figures 1 and 2

Body. Length (unfed), tip of hypostome to posterior margin,
2.27; width, 1.15. 2 Oval, widest back of the middle, scutum occu-
pying two-thirds the length of the body not including the capitu-
lum. No fully engorged specimens available, but one specimen
well advanced in feeding measures 6.5 in length and is slightly
wider behind.

Capitulum. Length, tip of hypostome to tips of cornua, 0.72;
width of base, 0.375. Dorsal surface of basis with sides converging
posteriorly. Profile lines of anterior side of basis showing a
shoulder each side of the insertion of the chelicerae. Posterior
margin concave, salient. Cornua about as long as wide, termi-
nally rounded. Porose areas small, often difficult to see; either
oval or reniform, placed far apart near the posterior side near
the cornua. Palpi long, article 2 a little longer than 3. Outer
profile line straight or mildly convex; inner profile line convex.
Stalks of the chelicerae very long.

1 From the Rocky Mountain Laboratory (Hamilton,
tute of Health.

2 All measurements in this paper are in millimeters.

Mont. ) , National Insti-

oct. 1945]

COOLEY— IXODES TOVARI

145

Figure 1

Ixodes tovari, n. sp. A. Female capitulum and scutum, dorsum.
B. Female capitulum and coxae, venter. C. Female hypostome.
D. Spiracular plate. E. Female metatarsus and tarsus, leg I.
F. Female metatarsus and tarsus, leg IV. G. Nymph capitulum
and scutum, dorsum. H. Nymph capitulum and coxae, venter.
I. Nymph hypostome. J. Nymph spiracular plate.

146

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

In ventral view, basis is mildly constricted back of the auri-
culae; posterior margin very broadly rounded, salient. Trans-
verse sutural line visible. Auriculae as long, thin horns directed
downward and backward. Palpi with a few long and a few short
hairs.

Hypostome. Long, narrow, bluntly pointed. Denticles 4/4 on
the distal end, then 3/3 for about three-fourths the length, then
2/2 to the base. Lateral denticles much larger than the medians.
Length, 0.45.

Scutum. Length from 0.99 to 1.11; width, 0.78 to 0.84. Oval,
wider anterior to the middle. Lateral carinae present as moderate,
nearly parallel elevations extending from the scapulae to near the
postero-lateral margins, with top rounded. Cervical grooves as
faint lineal depressions, first convergent, then divergent. Surface
smooth, shining, Hairs few, of moderate length and each in a pit
which is larger than the fine punctations.

Legs. Moderate in length and size. Tarsi long, tapering.
Length of tarsus I, 0.54; metatarsus, 0.27. Length of tarsus IV,
0.42; metatarsus, 0.30.

Coxae. All coxae mildly convex. Internal spur long on coxa I,
absent on II, III, and IV. External spurs short on all coxae and
progressively smaller from I to IV.

Spiracular plate. Broad oval with the longer axis transverse.
Length, 0.27; width, 0.24.

Genital aperture. Opposite the intervals between coxae III and
IV.

MALE

Body. Oval, a little wider behind. Total length, tip of palps to
posterior margin, 1.59 to 1.86; width, 0.84 to 1.02.

Capitulum. Length, tips of palpi to tips of cornua, 0,45; great-
est width of basis, 0.27. Dorsum of basis broad, mildly convex,
with lateral margins converging posteriorly; surface punctate.
Cornua distinct, pointed, about as wide as long. Palpi long, wide;
combined length of 2 and 3, 0.30; width of palpus, 0.12.

In ventral view, basis rounded and salient behind and with
the short, rounded auriculae in the same plate as the posterior
salience. Palpal article I with a ventral edge continuing the ven-
tral edge on 2 and 3. Ventral edge of 2 with several long hairs.
Other short hairs numerous on the palpi.

Hypostome. Long, bluntly pointed apically. A few long lateral
denticles near the middle. Ventral surface longitudinally grooved
with about 17 diagonal crenulations on each half. Length, 0.30.

Scutum. Evenly convex excepting the antero -lateral areas
which are mildly concave. Lateral carinae absent. Cervical grooves
faint or absent. Pseudoscutal areas faintly diffentiated by color
or by having fewer punctations. Numerous long hairs present,
each in a pit. Punctations moderate in size, deep.

oct. 1945]

COOLEY— IXODES TOVARI

147

Ventral plates. Median plate more than twice as long: as the
anal plate. Adanals wider in front. Long:, fine hairs and large
punctations numerous on the median plate. Long,, fine hairs also
on anal and adanals but true punctations are absent.

Legs. Essentially as in the female. Length of tarsus I, 0.42;
metatarsus, 0.21. Length of tarsus IV, 0.36; metatarsus, 0.225.

Figure 2

Ixodes tovari, n. sp. Male. A. Capitulum and scutum, dorsum.
B. Capitulum, coxae and ventral plates, venter. C. Hypostome.
D. Spiracular plate.

Coxae. Essentially as in the female but internal spur on I
longer.

Spiracular plate. Oval, large and with the longer axis longitu-
dinal. Length, 0.36; width, 0.105.

Genital aperture. With its large flap between coxae III.

NYMPH

Capitulum. Length, tip of hypostome to tips of cornua, 0,33;
greatest width of basis, 0.21. Posterior margin of basis nearly
straight, salient. Lateral margins divergent posteriorly. Punc-
tations and hairs absent. Cornua distinct, divergent, a little longer
than the width at the base. In ventral view, basis narrower back

148

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

of the auriculae. Transverse sutural line visible. Auriculae as
short, rounded retrograde spurs.

Hypostome. Long and narrow, Dentition 3/3 for the apical
half, then 2/2 to the base. Lateral denticles much larger than the
medians. Length, 0.23.

Scutum. Oval, short, widest at about the middle, broadly
rounded behind. Lateral carinae faintly indicated near the antero-
lateral margins. Cervical grooves as shallow, lineal, divergent
depressions. Surface smooth, impunctate; hairs short, few, scat-
tered.

Coxae. Essentially as in the adults.

Spiracular plate. Large, circular, diameter about 0.10.

Holotype, female from 21621. Allotype , male from 21621.
Paratypes, females, males, and nymphs from 21618, 21623,
21624, and 21625.

The type materials have been deposited as follows: holotype,
allotype, 21621, and some paratypes, in the Rocky Mountain
Laboratory; paratypes, 2 females, 1 male, 1 nymph, 21618, U. S.
National Museum, Washington, D. C. ; paratypes, 1 female 21618,
1 male 21623, 1 nymph 21623, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; paratypes, 1 fe-
male 21618, 1 male 21625, Department of Entomology, Univer-
sity of California, Berkeley, California; paratypes, 1 female
21618, 1 male 21624, Dr. Raul M. Tovar, Mexico D. F., Mexico.

In a general way, this species resembles scapularis, affinis,
and ozarkus, but the female of tovari is easily distinguished by
its long, horn-shaped auriculae. The male of tovari has the
hypostome of unique appearance which separates it from all
known American species of this genus.

This tick is named in honor of the collector.

JAN OBENBERGER

Through the courtesy of a soldier of the Fifth Army Corps,
recently returned from Prague, I have been notified that my
friend, Dr. Jan Obenberger, the Director of the Czecho-Slovakian
National Museum and a world specialist in the family Bupresti-
dae of the Order Coleoptera, is alive and well. — Edwin C. Van
Dyke.

oct. 1945]

SCHUSTER— PHOTOPSIS

149

AN INTERESTING NEW BRACHYPTEROUS SPECIES

OF PHOTOPSIS

(Hymenoptera, Mutillidae)

BY R. M. SCHUSTER

Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Brachypterous Mutillidae are not often encountered; in North
America Myrmilloides grandiceps (Blake) is constantly brachy-
pterous, Dasymutilla waco (Blake) occasionally brachypterous,
rarely apterous, Dasymutilla hector (Blake) very rarely brachypt-
erous, and Morsyma ashmeadii Fox, as far as is known, is apter-
ous. These are the only previous records of brachypterous and
apterous male Mutillidae from North America; therefore, the
discovery of a new short-winged form is of some interest. As far
as can be judged, the specimen is a fully developed, not teneral,
and the wings are fully developed and hardened.

Photopsis brachyptera Schuster, new species

Male. Length 4.7 mm. Rufo-ferruginous, the legs and antennae
considerably lighter, more yellowish ; very weakly setigerously
punctured, except for the alitrunk, which is largely areolate-
reticulate, the pubescence sparse, silvery, erect, pilose; wings
greatly abbreviated, not reaching beyond petiole.

Head, including eyes, 1.05 mm. wide (1.1 as wide as thorax in
front of tegulae), rather moderately extended behind the eyes, the
length behind the eyes 0.30 mm. (three-fourths the length of the
eyes). Ocelli rather small, the posterior behind the supraorbital
line; length of the posterior 0.12 mm.; their distance apart, 0.22
mm. (1.83 their maximum diameter) ; their distance from the
front ocellus 0.13 mm. (slightly greater than the length of the
posterior ocelli) ; their distance from the nearest eye-margins,
0.30 mm. (2.5 their length) ; the ocellar area more deeply pig-
mented than the rest of the head. Eyes somewhat silvery, dis-
tinctly facetted, 0.40 mm. long, 0.36 mm. wide. Pubescence very
moderate, of long, nearly silvery pilose hairs arising from scat-
tered, very small punctures (somewhat closer on the occiput) ; ex-
cept for these punctures the head is smooth, polished, shining.
Posterior and posterolateral angles evenly rounded into the occipi-
tal region. Antennal tubercles separated from each other by the
length of the posterior ocelli, evenly concave between and below
them, not carinate; clypeal region only moderately developed, the
distance from the anterior margin to a line drawn through the
dorsal margins of the antennal tubercles one-half of the length

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PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

between the eyes on the frons; the anterior clypeal margin not
reflexed, not produced, medially rather strongly, evenly convex,
with scattered, long-setigerous, rather strong punctures. Mandi-
bles moderate in size, evenly curved, not elbowed, apically bluntly
bidentate, a smaller tooth within; ventrally very strongly incised
and dentate about half way from apex to base of mandible, basal
half of mandible with rather long, coarse hairs. Scape about 0.42
mm. long (as long as the first two flagellar segments), strongly
curved, moderately setigerously punctured dorsally, the hairs
rather coarse, moderately long, chiefly erect; pedicel over 1.5 times
as long as wide, two-thirds the length of the first flagellar segment;
flagellum slender, the first article twice as long as wide, the second
and third subequal in length and scarcely a fourth longer than
the first; entire flagellum silvery puberulent, the pedicel with
longer silvery hairs.

Alitrunk 0.97 mm. wide at tegulae (less than width of head) ;
humeral angles absent, but the prothorax rather square in front;
pronotum characteristically, coarsely but shallowly hexagonally
areolate-reticulate, the ridges between the areolations thin and
sharply defined; pubescence of pronotum denser than that of head,
erect, pilose, argenteous. Mesonotum similarly, but very shallowly,
obsoletely areolate, the lateral areas of it nearly smooth, except
for sparse, long-setigerous punctures, the hairs slightly ferru-
ginous-tinged ; parapsidal furrows obsolete, scarcely distinct.
Scutellum similarly, but quite deeply sculptured, not at all strongly
inflated, nearly on the same plane as the mesonotum and propo-
deum. Mesopleura and mesosternum also areolate-reticulate, the
mesosternum entirely lacking any carinae or dentate processes.
Propodeum dorsally similarly reticulate, but the reticulations much
larger; the lateral faces and the upper part of the posterior face
similarly sculptured, but the posterior face is smooth medially and
apically, except for sparse punctures that bear prominent, upward-
pointing, silvery plumose hairs; the lateral and posterior faces of
the propodeum are separated from each other at a sharp angle.

Forewings short, scarcely reaching beyond propodeum, with
the venation strongly reduced; C, R-M, CU+Cui and 1st A are
present and infuscated on the basal two-thirds of the wing; the
stigma is also distinct and infuscated; cell M is enclosed, and
slightly longer than cell Cu+Cui, which is also distinct; cell M 3 is
enclosed, except near apex; cell M 4 is entirely open on the outer
side; all other cells apicad of these are entirely absent. The hind
wings are even more reduced, and the infuscated stubbs of the
veins are limited to the basal third of the wing.

Legs lighter than the rest of the thorax, the coxae, trochanters,
femora and tibia with sparse, long, erect pilose pubescence; the
tarsi with dense, more or less appressed, fine silvery hairs; the
serrate calcars of the hind tibiae are of the same color as the legs,
the longer is three-fourths as long as the metatarsus.

Abdomen sparsely punctate and pubescent; the petiole, meas-
ured dorsally, wider at apex than its maximum dorsal length, its

oct. 1945]

SCHUSTER— PHOTOPSIS

151

basal width scarcely over a third that of the apex, gradually
dilated toward the apex, which is evenly rounded into the second
tergite, from which it is scarcely separated, even laterally; viewed
laterally, it is very weakly convex above, not at all nodose, the
anterior two-thirds are nearly plane, while the apical part is
rounded into the second tergite; ventrally it is strongly separated
from the second tergite; the flat dorsal plane moderately coarsely,
sparsely punctate, bearing long erect, silvery hairs, Second ter-
gite smooth, polished, shining, except for very few, scattered seti-
gerous punctures bearing long silvery pilose hairs; the apical
margin, in addition, with a few inconspicuous long-plumose hairs;
pigmentation of second tergite rather deeper than that of rest of
body, except ocellar region. Apical tergites similarly pubescent,
also with some scattered, sparse, small plumose hairs, nearly im-
punctate; the pygidium not margined laterally or apically. Felt
lines of second tergite less than a third the length of the tergite,
situated medially between the base and apex of the tergite; those
of the second sternite similar, but much shorter, situated behind
the median line of the sternite. Second sternite sparsely punctate,
bearing long, simple, or shortly plumose hairs, and a band of
somewhat shorter, longer-plumose hairs at apex; apical sternites
similarly, but much more sparsely pubescent, except the third
sternite, which also has a rather conspicuous band of plumose
hairs at its apex.

Holotype: Berkeley, California, October 4, 1919, in the
collection of Cornell University (Type No. 2196).

This species is the first known brachypterous Photopsidine
wasp. At first it was felt that the specimen might conceivably
be an immature specimen, in which the wings were not yet
mature, but there seems to be no evidence to support such a
thesis. It seems to be somewhat allied to Photopsis hyalina
(Blake) and Photopsis mesillensis Ckll. The absence of processes
of any kind on the mesosterna throws this species into the group
Photopsis, as distinguished from the group Odontophotopsis,
which was unfortunately founded on a generic basis. It differs
from all known species of Photopsis by the following combination
of characters: brachypterous wings, hexagonally-areolate thorax,
gradually dilated petiole sessile dorsally with the second tergite
and not at all nodose, and the mesally convex, poorly developed
clypeal area. The rather quadrate head, with small ocelli and
rather small eyes, with the head scarcely less long behind the eyes
than the length of the eyes, and the strongly ventrally incised and
dentate mandibles distinguish this species from P. hyalina and
mesillensis; hyalina furthermore differs in that the parapsidal
furrows are more distinct.

152

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

A NEW LARICOBIUS FROM OREGON

(Coleoptera, Derodontidae)

BY KENNETH M. FENDER
McMinnville, Oregon

Laricobius nigrinus Fender, new species

Males, Black and shining above, antennae brunneous, legs and
ventral surface piceous, pubescence piceous to ashy. Head wider
than long, rather finely closely punctured. Behind the antennae and
between the eyes is a rough oval of very coarse punctures. Pronotum
wider than long, widest at the middle, base slightly wider at the
angles than the apex, sides strongly sinuate, basal and apical
angles nearly equally prominent; closely punctate and with larger
coarse punctures scattered throughout. Elytra wider than thorax
at the humeri, sides faintly, arcuately divergent to the apical
third, then rapidly rounded to the suture; elytral striae composed
of large subquadrate punctures, interstriae finely, sparsely punctate.
Dorsal pubescence composed of fine erect hairs. Legs and under-
surface finely punctured and with a fine ashy pubescence which
is recumbent and sparse. Lateral lobes of the asdeagus obliquely
truncate as in L. rubidus Lee. 1 Length 2 to 2.3 mm.

Female. Piceous and with ashy pubescence, otherwise similar to
the male. Length 2.5 mm.

Holotype male, allotype female, and five paratypes, June 20,
1904, Bear Springs, Wapinitia cut-off, Oregon. One paratype,
October 29, 1933, Creston, British Columbia, collected by
G. Stace Smith.

Laricobius nigrinus can be separated from the other two North
American species by its color and the shape of the pronotum.
The color is black to piceous in nigrinus, uniformly testaceous
to dark reddish brown in L. laticollis Fall and black with a wide
red median vitta on each elytron in L. rubidus Lee. In nigrinus
the pronotum is widest at the middle and the basal margin is
wider at the angles than is the apical margin. In both rubidus
and laticollis the pronotum is widest in front of the middle and
the basal margin is narrower at the hind angles than is the apical
margin.

The author is indebted to Mr. C. A. Frost for calling his
attention to this new species.

1 Brown, W. J., 1944, Canad. Ent„ 76:8.

oct. 1945]

ROSS— NEMATINE SAWFLY

153

A NEW TRIBE AND GENUS OF NEMATINE SAWFLY

( Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)

BY HERBERT H. ROSS

Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois

The following new genus, Pristola, combines many character-
istics which are unlike any known genera of Nematinae. The
venation of both wings is characterized by the atrophy of vein
2A & 3A, which would place the genus in the tribe Pseudodi-
neurini. From this tribe the genus Pristola differs in the striking
characters of the mesonotum, fig. 3. Most conspicuous of these
are the semi-obliterated praescutal structures and the long, ex-
posed postnotum of the mesothorax; the male and female geni-
talia are also of very unusual shape. In the Pseudodineurini the
praescutum is well defined, and the exposed portion of the post-
notum is short and almost hidden under the large and projecting
post-tergite. On the basis of these and other differences a new
tribe is proposed for the reception of Pristola.

Pristolini new tribe

Characteristics. Venation typical of the specialized Nematinae,
the front wings with both 2 r and the basal lobe of 2 A & 3A absent;
general proportion of wings resembling in other respects those of
Nematus. Mesopleurae with a well-defined, linear prepectal suture.
Mesonotum, fig. 3, with praescutal sutures only faintly indicated,
becoming obsolete some distance from meson; mesoscutellum with
only a narrow post-tergite which is on a level with the postnotum.
Visible portion of postnotum long and flat, so that the post-tergite
and metascutellum are far apart; metascutellum arcuate. First
abdominal tergite with its acrotergite also flat and long.

Erected for the single genus Pristola.

Pristola new genus

Characteristics. Body elongate and slender. Head wide, fig. 2,
somewhat short and stocky from lateral view; clypeus very shallow
and extending scarcely beyond the base of the mandibles. Labrum
semi-circular and of only moderate size. Antennae 9-segmented,
long and filiform, the last four segments gradually diminishing in
length, the apical segment four times as long as wide and pointed
at tip. Mandibles with lateral aspect narrow and blade-like; with
anterior aspect as in fig. 2, each mandible possessing a long curved
apical tooth and a small sharp subapical tooth. Legs slender,

154

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

tarsal claw also slender and long, without any trace of a sub-
apical tooth.

Genotype. Pristola macnabi new species.

In the key to the genera of the Nematinae (Ross 1937: p. 75) ,
Pristola will run to couplet 9 on the basis of the atrophy of 2A
& 3A in both front and hind wings. Couplet 9 can be emended
as follows to accommodate Pristola:

9. Clypeus shallow, not extending over base of mandibles,
fig. 2; post-tergite very narrow, postnotum flat and exposed,

fig. 3; mandibles with only a minute inner tooth

Pristola Ross

— . Clypeus extending as a broad shelf over the basal half of
the mandibles, fig. 1 ; post-tergite large and triangular, with
exposed part of the postnotum short and declivous (similar
to Ross 1937, fig. 124) ; mandibles tridentate (Ross 1937,

fig. 318) , the subapical teeth large and prominent 9a

9a. Ocelli forming a wide triangle (Ross 1937, fig. 294)

P seudodirveura Konow

— . Ocelli forming a flatter triangle (Ross 1937, fig. 295)

Kerita Ross

Pristola macnabi new species

Male\. Length 6 mm. Body straw color, with the antennae,
ocellar region, middle portion of the mesonotum, most of the ab-
dominal dorsum, sutures of mesopleurae and varying lines on
dorsal border of legs, dark brown to black. Wings hyaline, vena-
tion dark brown. Body and appendages moderately hairy. Head
shining, ocellar area prominently raised, with rounded margins;
antennae very long and filiform ; mesonotum and mesopleurae
highly polished with only extremely fine punctation. Wings very

List of Abbreviations for Figures

ap — apiceps
atg — acrotergite
ba — basiura
bv — basivolsella
cn — cenchri
dv — distivolsella
gc — gonocardo

gl — gonolacinia
gs — gonostipes
h — harpes
pn — postnotum
pp — praeputium
so — sclerora
ta — tangium

oct. 1945]

ROBB — NEMAT1HE SAWFLY

155

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. Kerita fidala Ross: Clypeal region of head. Figs. 2-
12. Pristola macnabi Ross: fig. 2, front of head; fig. 3, dorsum of
thorax; fig. 4, apical sternite; fig. 5, eighth sternite; fig. 6, male
genitalia, abossicular aspect; fig. 7, penis valve; fig. 8, volsella,
dorsal aspect; fig. 9, volsella, meso-dorsal aspect; fig. 10, sheath,
ventral and lateral aspect; fig. 11, lance; fig. 12, lancet.

156

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

long. Apical eighth tergite produced into a slightly convex, trun-
cate process, fig. 5. Apical sternite elongate, tapering at apex,
the tip fairly narrow and truncate, fig. 4.

Male genitalia, fig. 6, with large, submembranous gonocardo,
moderately wide gonostipes and long harpes. Parapenes declivous,
moderately long, and angled laterad near apex. Volsella, fig. 8,
with distivolsella short and ovate; gonolacinia with body plate-
like and held at right angles to basivolsella, fig. 9, so that from
the dorsal aspect, fig. 8, it appears as a thickening along the top
of the volsellae. Apiceps thin and platelike, but fairly long,
moderately wide, and round at apex, at its base partially fused
with the distivolsella. Penis valves elongate, with a sclerotized
band along the abossicular side of the valviceps, whose tip is at-
tenuated into a long, slender, whiplike process.

Female. Length 7 mm. Color almost entirely reddish brown
with dark areas similar to those of male but much less extensive.
General structure similar to male. Sheath, fig. 10, with lateral
aspect blunt and rounded at apex, dorsal aspect gradually narrow-
ing to a semipointed apex; cerci short. Saw extremely long and
slender. Lance, fig. 11, with a long, slender radix twice as long as
lamnium; lamnium divided into about eight segments, the apical
one minutely serrate on its dorsal margin. Lancet, fig. 12, with
ventral margin neither lobed nor toothed, but forming a sclerora
which occupies half the width of the radix and gradually tapers
to a narrow marginal ribbon toward the apex of the lamnium;
lamnium divided into twelve irregular segments; the first six
sutures do not reach the ventral margin but the apical six reach
the margin and have a very small spiculella near the sclerora.

Holotype, male. Boyer, Oregon, April 25, 1936 (INHS).

Allotype, female. Same data but April 11. (INHS).

Paratype. Oregon: Same data, April 11, 4S, 2$ ; April 18,
1 $ ; April 25, IS ; May 2, 1937, 1 5 ; May 5, 1935, 2 S, 1 $ ;
May 15, 1937, 1 S ; May 22, 1937, 1 S . New Hampshire: Mt.
Washington, 6000 ft., August 6, 1939, B. Arenburg, 1 S . (Mass.
Agr. Coll.) .

It is unusual that this species should be found in two places
so far apart. This situation is reminiscent of certain species of
Pristiphora, many of which have few known records but these
are scattered from coast to coast.

oct. 1945 ]

KAPP AND SNOW — APIOCBBIDAE

157

CATALOGUE OF APIOCERIDAE OF THE WORLD

BY WILLIAM F. RAPP, JR.

AND

WILLIS E. SNOW

The family Apioceridae is composed of large flies which are
restricted to arid or semi-arid regions. Very little work has been
done in this family until recently when Cazier 1 revised the North
American species and Hardy 2 revised the Australian species.
Since the publication of the Kertesz catalogue in 1906 so many
new species have been described that it has been thought advisa-
ble to bring it up to date.

The following is a comparison of the Kertesz catalogue and
the present paper.

Kertesz 1906

Apiocera 9

Apomidas 1

Megascelus —

Neorhaphiomidas —

Rhaphiomidas 4

Rapp & Snow 1945
35

1

2

12

14

50

Genus Apiocera Westwood

aldrichi Painter, Bui. Univ. Kans., vol. 37 (1936),
pp. 193-194.

alleni Cazier, Amer. Midland Naturalist, vol. 25
(1941), p. 606.

augur Osten Sacken, Biol. Cen. Amer. Dipera,
vol. 1, p. 212 (1887) ; Painter, Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer., vol. 25 (1932), pp. 354-355; Painter,
Bui. Univ. Kans., vol. 37 (1936), p. 192.

beameri Painter, Bui. Univ. Kans., vol. 37 (1936),
pp. 198-199.

bilineata Painter, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 25
(1932), p. 351.

braunsi Melander, Milwaukee Bui. Wis. Soc., vol.
5 (1907), p. 125.

Arizona

California

California

Mexico
New Mexico
Texas

California

New Mexico

Cape Colony,
South Africa

1 Cazier, M. 1941. Revision of North American Apioceridae. Amer. Midi.
Nat., 25:589-631.

2 Hardy, G. H. 1940. Miscellaneous Notes on Australian Diptera, VII Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 65:484-493.

158

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

caloris Painter, Bui. Univ. Kans., Vol. 37 (1936),
pp. 194-195.

Arizona

clavator Painter, Bui. Univ. Kans., vol. 37 (1936),
pp. 196-197.

Mexico

convergens Painter, Bui. Univ. Kans., vol. 37
(1936), p. 196.

California

deforma Norris, J. Roy, Soc. W. Aust., vol. 22
(1936), p. 52.

Western

Australia

exta Cazier, Amer. Midland Naturalist, vol. 25
(1941), p. 609.

California

fuscicollis Westwood, London and Edinb. phil.
Mag 1 , and Journ. of Sci., vol. 6 (1835), p. 449;
brevicornis Wied., Aussereurop. zweifl. Ins.,
vol. 2 (1830), p. 646; asilica Westwood, Lon-
don and Edinb. phil Mag. and Jour, of Sci.,
vol. 6 (1835), p. 449; bigotii Macq., Dipt,
exot., suppl. 2, p. 49 (1847).

Australia
Queensland
New So. Wales
Victoria
Tasmania

haruspex Osten Sacken, Bui. U. S. Geol. Surv.,
vol. 3 (1877), p. 287; Painter, Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer., vol. 25 (1932), pp. 352-353; Painter,
Bui. Univ. Kans., vol. 37 (1936), pp. 191-192.

Arizona

Brit. Columbia

California

Idaho

Oregon

Wyoming

hispida, Cazier, Amer. Midland Naturalist, vol.
25 (1941), p, 605.

California

immedia Hardy, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., vol.
65 (1940), p. 488.

Australia

New So. Wales

imminwta Hardy, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., vol.
65 (1940), p. 489.

Australia

New So. Wales
Queensland

infinita Cazier, Amer. Mid. Naturalist, vol. 25
(1941), p. 613.

California

interrupta Painter, Bui. Univ. Kans., vol. 37
(1936), pp. 192-193.

California

intonsa Cazier, Amer. Midland Naturalist, vol.
25 (1941), p. 610.

Arizona

California

maerens Westwood, Areana Entomol., vol. 1 (48)
(1841), p. 551.

Australia

maritima Hardy, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., vol.
58 (1933), p. 416.

Australia
Queensland
New So. Wales

oct. 1945]

RAPP AND SNOW— APIOCERIDAE

159

martinorum Painter, Bui. Univ. Kans., vol. 37
(1936), pp. 197-198.

melanura Cazier, Amer. Midland Naturalist, vol.

25 (1941), p. 611.

minor Norris, J. Roy, Soc. W. Aust., vol. 22
(1936), p. 52.

newmani Norris, J. Roy, Soc. W. Aust., vol. 22
(1936), p. 53.

norrisi Hardy, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., vol. 65
(1940), p. 489.

notata Painter, Bui. Univ. Kans., Vol. 37 (1936),
pp. 199-200.

obscura Phil., Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien., vol. 15
(1865), p. 703.

parkeri Cazier, Amer, Midland Naturalist, vol.

26 (1941), p. 607.

pallida, Norris, J. Roy, Soc. W. Aust., vol. 22
(1936), p. 50.

pearcei, Cazier, Amer. Midland Naturalist, vol.
25 (1941), p. 603.

philippii Brethes, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., vol. 28
(1924), p. 104; brevicornis Phil., Verh. zool.
bot. Ges. Wien., vol. 15 (1865), p. 702.

pica Norris, J. Roy, Soc. W. Aust., vol. 22 (1930),
p. 54.

tonnoiri Norris, J. Roy, Soc. W. Aust., vol. 22
(1936), p. 52.

trimaculata Painter, Bui. Univ. Kans., vol. 37
(1936), pp. 195-196.

Genus Megascelus Philippi

nigricornis (Phil.), Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien.,
vol. 15 (1865), p. 683.

Genus Neorhaphiomidas Norris

hardyi Norris, J. Roy, Soc. W. Aust., vol. 22
(1936), p, 64.

pinguis Norris, J. Roy, Soc. W. Aust., vol. 22
(1936), p. 64.

Idaho

Oregon

Arizona

West Australia

West Australia

Australia

Queensland

California

Chile

Arizona

California

West Australia

California

Chile

West Australia

West Australia

California

Chile

WestAustralia

WestAustralia

160

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

Genus Rhaphiomidas Osten Sacken

abdominalis Cazier, Amer. Midland Naturalist,
vol. 25 (1941), p. 624.

acton Coquillett, West Amer. Scientist, vol. 7
(1891), p. 84; Townsend, Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., vol. 4 (1895), p. 602; Painter, Bui. Univ.
Kans., vol. 37 (1936), p. 188.

aitkeni Cazier, Amer. Midland Naturalist, vol.

25 (1941), p. 623.

episcopus Osten Sacken, U. S. Geol. and Geog.
Survey of the Terr., vol. 3 (1887), p. 281;
Coquillett, West. Amer. Sci., vol. 7 (1891),
p. 85; Townsend, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol.

4 (1895), p. 603; Painter, Bui. Univ. Kans.,
vol. 37 (1936), p. 188.

maculatus Cazier, Amer. Midland Naturalist, vol.
25 (1941), p. 628.

maehleri Cazier, Amer. Midland Naturalist, vol.
25 (1941), p. 627.

mellifex Townsend, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 4
(1895), p. 604.

painteri Cazier, Amer. Midland Naturalist, vol.
25 (1941), p. 622; xanthos Townsend, Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 27 (1901), p. 163;
xanthos Painter, Bui. Univ. Kans., vol. 37
(1935), p. 189.

parkeri Cazier, Amer. Midland Naturalist, vol.
25 (1941), p. 625.

terminatus Cazier, Amer. Midland Naturalist,
vol. 25 (1941), p. 622; Coquillett, West. Amer.
Sci., vol. 7 (1891), p. 85 (episcopus O. S.) ;
Townsend, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 4
(1895), pp. 603-604 (mellifex Towns.)

trochilus (Coquillett), Can. Ent., vol. 24 (1892),
p. 315 (Apomydas) ; Norris, J. Roy, Soc. W.
Aust., vol. 22 (1936), p. 50; Painter, Bui.
Univ. Kans., vol. 37 (1936), p. 188.

xanthos Townsend, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 4
(1895), p. 605; mellifex, Townsend, Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 4 (1895), p. 604; Painter,
Bui. Univ. Kans., vol. 39 (1936), p. 189.

California

California

California

Lower

California

California

California

California

Lower

California

New Mexico

California

California

California

Mexico

oct. 19A5]

INDEX TO VOLUME XXI*

101

Acmaeodera clausa, 108
flavomarginata, 108
gibbula, 108
lagunae, 104
nautica, 106
opinabilis, 108
scapularis, 108
trans versa, 105
Agabus confertus, 16
erichsonii, 16
obliteratus, 16
seriatus intersectus, 16
strigulosus, 16
Agaeocera gentilis peninsu-
laris, 107

Aglais califomica, 38
Aleyrodes osmaroniae, 58
Aleyrodidae, 48
Alexander, C. P., Tipulidae, 91
Amblyteles montanus, 13
American Committee on Ento-
mological Nomenclature, 33
Ammoplanus, 81
Ammoplanus (Ammoplanus), 86
vanyumi Pate, 87
Ammoplanus (Ammoplanel-
lus), 81

umatilla Pate, 82
xila Pate, 84
Andrena rhodotricha, 134
Aphalara vtera Van Duzee, 74
Aphididae, 119
Apiocera, 157
Apioceridae, 157
catalogue, 157
Autographa egena, 13
Badister mexicanus, 102
Baker, E. W., personal, 80
Beans, pest of, 13
Blaisdell, F. E., Cryptoglossa, 23
personal, 114
Bombus edwardsii, 37
sitkensis, 37
vosnesenskii, 37
Braconidae, 125
Buprestidae, 104

Chamberlin collection, 124
Callidium pallidum, 30, 31
sempervirens, 30, 31
Calosaturnia mendocino, 32
Camras, S., Zodion, 31
Carabidae, 101
Cardiochiles, 125
aethiops, 125
bicolor, 125, 126
longimala, 127
mexicanus, 125, 128
noctis, 129
orizabae, 125, 132
ornatus, 125, 130
thoracicus, 125, 133

* New names in bold face, s]

Cephenemyia jellisoni, 120
Cerambycidae, 30
Chaetogaedia monticola, 13
China, entomology in, 35
Chrysomelidae, Oregon spp., 72
Chyphotes, 89
bicolor, 89
Cicadellidae, 135
Clench, H. K., Thaumaina, 14
Cleridae, 97

Coenonycha pascuensis, 141
Coleoptera, 10, 16, 17, 23, 63, 72,
77, 88, 97, 101, 110, 115,
118, 140, 141, 152
Colias eurytheme, 34
Conoderus laurentii, 10
Conopidae, 31

Cooley, R. A., Ixodes tovari, 144
Copodisoma truncatellum, 13
Cryptoglossa, 23
angularis, 28
bicostata, 23
granulifera, 27
laevis, 26

laevis subsimilis, 27
mexicana, 29
verrucosa, 24
verrucosa carinulatus, 25
Curculionidae, 17, 118
Cuterebridae, 120
Cymatodera ovipennis, 91
Dactylolabis imitata, 91
DeLong, D. M., Retusanus, 135
Derodontidae, 152
Diptera, 11, 31, 41, 48, 91, 120,
157

mouth parts, 41
Duncan, C. D., Gordian hair-
worms, 34
Dytiscidae, 16
Elateridae, 10

Entomology, professional train-
ing in, 1
in China, 35

Ephialtes sanguinipes, 13
Essig, E. O., Hyalopteroides,

119

Fender, K. M., Chrysomelidae,
72

Podabrus, 77
Laricobius, 152

Ferris, G. F., Polyctenidae, 101
Goldschmidt, R. B., Mouth parts
in Diptera, 41
Hare, J. E.

Lipoptena depressa, 48
Hemiptera, 121
Herman, C. M., Cephenemyia,

120

Hesperobaenus feneysi, 102
Hesperoctenes eumops, 122
fumarius, 122
Dnyms in italic.

162

PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

[VOL. XXI, NO. 4

Hesperoctenes ( Cont. )
limai, 123
parvulus, 123
Heteropsylla mera, 74
texana, 74
Hippoboscidae, 48
Homoptera, 58, 74, 119, 135
Hornia boharti, 88
Hyalopteroides pallida, 119
Hylus arizonicus, 103
Hymenoptera, 81, 89, 125, 134,
149, 153

Hypera punctata, 118
Intracellular organisms, 39
Ixodes tovari, 144
Ixodidae, 144

Jensen, D. D., Heteropsylla, 74
Keen, F. P., forest insects, 39
Kerita, 154

Lange, W. H., Autographa, 13
Laricobius nigrinus, 152
Leech, H. B., Agabus, 16
Lepidoptera, 13, 14, 32, 109
Limnophila gruiformis, 93
sciara, 92
snoqualmiensis, 94
Linsley, E. G., Bombus spp., 37
Hornia boharti, 88
Migration of Vanessa, 109
Notes on Pleocoma, 110
Lipoptena depressa, 48
Lycaenidae, 14

MacSwain, J. W., Hornia, 88
Cymatodera ovipennis, 97
Andrena rhodotricha, 134
Mao, Ying-Tou, Cardiochiles, 125
Mastopsenius, 64
australis, 65
Megascelus, 159
Megaxenistusa, 66
rhinotermitis, 68
Melasidae, 103
Meloidae, 88

Michelbacher, A. E., Hypera,
abundance of, 118
Migration, Vanessa cardui, 109
Monotomidae, 102
Mouth parts, Diptera, 41
Mutillidae, 89, 149
Neodipriqn sp., 39
Neohermes nigrinus, 37
Neolipoptena ferrisi, 49
Neorhaphiomidas, 159
Nomenclature, American Com-
mittee, 33

American Commission, 33
Obenberger, J., personal, 148
Occemyia loraria, 31
Ocypus, ater, 140
Opsimus quadrilineatus, 30, 31
Orochlesis, 17
picticollis, 19

Pacific Coast Entomological So-
ciety, Proceedings, 34
Papilio philenor hirsuta, 33
Paratyndaris albofasciata, 109
olneya, 109
schaefferi, 109

Pate, V. S. L., Ammoplanus, 81
Paurocephala mera, 74
Perionia variana, 39
Phalaenidae, 13
Photopsis brachyptera, 149
Phymatodes nitidus, 30, 31
Platysamia gloveri, 33
Pleocoma australis, 111
badia, 112
behrensi, 112
dubitalis, 113
fimbriata, 112

hirticollis vandykei, 112, 115
rickseckeri, 112
spp., 113, 114
tularensis, 112
venturae, 110
Podabrus bolter i, 79
cascadensis, 77
cavicollis, 80
comes, 77
conspiratus, 77
danielsi, 80
extremus, 79
extricatus, 79
falli, 77
fissilis, 79
fulvus, 78
instabilis, 80
lanei, 78
latimanus, 77
macer, 79
piniphilus, 79
pruinosus, 77
scaber, 79
Polyctenidae, 121
Potts, R. W. L., Pleocoma, 115
Coenonycha, 141
Pristolini, 153
Pristola, 153
macnabi, 154
Pseudodineura, 154
Pseudohazis eglanterina, 32
Psyllidae, 74

Rapp, W. F., Apioceridae, 157

Reinhard, H. J., new muscoid
parasite, 11
Retusanus, 135
apicatus, 138
irroratus, 140
luteus, 136
pulverus, 136
punctatus, 135

Rhaphiomidas, 160

oct. 1945]

163

Ross, H. H., Nematine sawfly,
153

Sampson, W. W., Aleyrodidae,
58

Sarcophaga thyceae, 11
Saturniidae, 32
Scarabaeidae, 110, 115, 141
Schuster, R. M., Chyphotes, 89
Photopsis, 149

Seevers, C. H., Trichop seniinae,
63

Semanotus ligneus sequoiae, 30,
31

Shannonomyia albomanicata, 96
Sicus brevirostris, 31
Smith, R. F., Migration of
Aglais, 38

migration of Vanessa, 109
habits of Pleocoma, 115
abundance of Hypera, 118
Snow, W. E., Apioceridae, 157
Species concept, 37
Sphecidae, 81
Staphylinidae, 10, 63, 140
Staphylinus olens, 10
Stewart, M. A., Professional
training in Entomology, 1
Temnochila virescens, 30
Tenebrionidae, 23
Tenthredinidae, 153

Tetralicia ceanothi, 59
sierrae, 60

termite nests, staphylinids
from, 63
Thaumaina, 14

uranothauma deliciosa, 14
Thyce sanfordi, 13
Tilden, J. W., cerambycids, 30
Saturniidae, 32
Tipulidae, 91
Trechus humboldti, 101
Trialeurodes calif orniensis, 61
drewsi, 62
Trichopsenius, 68
depressus, 69
frosti, 70
longipes, 71
xenoflavipes, 70
Usinger, R. L., Polyctenidae,
101

Van Dyke, E. C., recently es-
tablished Coleoptera, 10
Bombus vosnesenskii, 37
new Coleoptera, 101
Jan Obenberger, 148
Chamberlin collection, 124
Vanessa cardui, migration, 109
Vermelio, 38

Wind, R. G., Thaumaina, 14
Xysma ceanothi, 88
Zimmerman, E. C., Orochlesis,
17

Zodion bimacula, 31
brevirostris, 31
reclusum, 31

THE

Pan -Pacific Entomologist

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in co-operation with

The California Academy of Sciences

VOLUME TWENTY-ONE

1945

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. LINSLEY, Editor

E. C. VAN DYKE, Associate Editor
R. W. L. POTTS, Assistant Editor
G. F. FERRIS, E. S. ROSS, R. L. USINGER
R. C. MILLER, Treasurer

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

E. O. Essig, Chairman

1945

M. A. Stewart
F. E. Blaiadell

1946

C. D. Duncan
H. H. Keifer

1947

G. F. Ferris
E. O. Essig

San Francisco, California
1945

11

CONTENTS FOR VOLUME XXI
Alexander, C. P.

Undescribed species of Tipulidae from the western United

States. Part II 91

Anonymous

American Committee on Entomological Nomenclature 33

Edward W. Baker 80

Frank E. Blaisdell, Sr 114

Blaisdell, F. E.

Synoptic review of the known species of Cryptoglossa

Solier, with description of a new subspecies 23

Camras, S.

Further notes on some species of Zodion 31

Cooley, R. A.

Ixodes tovari, a new species from Mexico 144

DeLong, D. W.

A new genus — Retusanus — and five new species of Mexi-
can leafhoppers 135

Essig, E. 0.

Hyalopteroides pallida Theobald, an aphid new to North

America 119

Fender, K. M.

Oregon Chrysomelidae 72

Notes on the species of Podabrus of Oregon and Washing-
ton 77

A new Laricobius from Oregon '.... 152

Ferris, G. F. and R. L. Usinger

Notes and descriptions of American Polyctenidae 121

Goldschmidt, R. B.

Evolution of mouthparts in Diptera. A counter critique.... 41
Hare, J. E.

Flying stage of the deer lousefly, Lipoptena depressa
(Say), in California 48

Herman, C. M.

Cephenemyia jellisoni Townsend reared from nasal bot of

blacktailed deer 120

Jensen, D. D.

Notes on the synonymy, nymphs and distribution of Heter-
opsylla texana Crawford 74

Ill

Lange, W. H. Jr.

Autographa egena (Guen.) a periodic pest of beans in
California. 13

Leech, H. B.

On three species of Agabus recorded from the state of

Montana 16

Linsley, E. G.

Further notes on some species of Pleocoma 110

Linsley, E. G. and J. W. MacSwain

Longevity of fifth instar larvae of Hornia boharti Linsley 88

Mao, Ying-Tou

Synopsis of the Mexican species of Cardiochiles Nees... 125

MacSwain, J. W.

Notes on the habits of the predator Cymatodera ovipennis

Say with a description of the pupa 97

Nesting habits of Andrena rhodotricha Linsley 134

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

Proceedings for 1944 34

Pate, V. S. L.

Notes on Ammoplanus 81

Potts, R. W. L.

A new Coenonycha from California 141

Rapp, W. F. and W. E. Snow

Catalogue of the Apioceridae of the world 157

Reinhard, H. J.

A new muscoid parasite reared from beetles in California 11
Ross, H. H.

A new tribe and genus of nematine sawfly 153

Sampson, W. W.

Five new species of Aleyrodidae from California 58

Schuster, R. M.

A new species of Chyphotes from California 89

An interesting new brachypterous species of Photopsis.... 149
Seevers, C.

New genera and species of Trichopseniinae from Ameri-
can and Australian termite nests 63

Smith, R. F. and E. G. Linsley

Migration of Vanessa cardui (Linn.) 109

Smith, R. F. and A. E. Michelbacher

Abundance of Hypera punctata (Fabr.) in 1945 118

IV

Smith, R. F. and R. W. L. Potts

Biological notes on Pleocoma hirticollis vandykei

Linsley 115

Stewart, M. A.

Professional training in Entomology 1

Tilden, J. W.

Notes on redwood cerambycids. 30

Notes on some moths of the Family Saturniidae 32

Van Dyke, E. C.

Two Coleoptera recently established in California 10

New species of North American Coleoptera 101

The Chamberlin collection of Buprestidae 124

A staphylinid beetle new to California 140

Jan Obenberger 148

Wind, R. W. and H. K. Clench

Notes on the genus Thaumaina 14

Zimmerman, E. C.

A new Javanese Orochlesis and a checklist of the genus.... 17

MAILING DATES FOR VOLUME XXI

No. 1. February 23, 1945.

No. 2. April 30, 1945.

No. 3. July 30, 1945.

No. 4. November 26, 1945.

#

;

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